| Diesel Engines Diesel Engine Fuel Additives Affect Diesel Engine Fuel Economy And Performance. Used Diesel Engines Are Occassionally Thought To Be Rebuilt With New Fuel Injectors. Rebuilt Diesel Generators And Marine Diesel Engines May Need Specialized Tools To Repair Parts. Whether It Be Rebuilt Industrial Diesel Engines. |
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Mercedes Diesel, Cummins Diesel, Detroit Diesel, Diesel Additives, Diesel Engine Parts, Used
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Naturally aspirated diesel engines are heavier than gasoline engines of the same power for two reasons. The first is that it takes a larger displacement diesel engine to produce the same power as a gasoline engine. This is essentially because the diesel must operate at lower engine speeds. Diesel fuel is injected just before ignition, leaving the fuel little time to find all the oxygen in the cylinder.
In the gasoline engine, air and fuel are mixed for the entire compression stroke, ensuring complete mixing even at higher engine speeds. The second reason for the greater weight of a diesel engine is it must be stronger to withstand the higher combustion pressures needed for ignition, and the shock loading from the detonation of the ignition mixture.
NOTE: DIESEL ENGINE FUEL ADDITIVES AFFECT DIESEL ENGINE FUEL ECONOMY AND PERFORMANCE. USED DIESEL ENGINES ARE OCCASSIONALLY THOUGHT TO BE REBUILT WITH NEW FUEL INJECTORS. REBUILT DIESEL GENERATORS AND MARINE DIESEL ENGINES MAY NEED SPECIALIZED TOOLS TO REPAIR PARTS. WHETHER IT BE REBUILT INDUSTRIAL DIESEL ENGINES , CUMMINS DIESEL ENGINES, DETROIT DIESEL ENGINES, MERCEDES DIESEL ENGINES, OR PERKINS DIESEL ENGINES, THE OIL PUMPS MAY REQUIRE NEW FILTERS, WHICH ALSO AFFECT DIESEL FUEL ECONOMY. THE CURRENTLY POPULAR ISSUE, THOUGH, IS DIESEL FUEL ECONOMY AND DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVES, DUE TO RECENTLY ESCALATED DIESEL FUEL PRICES. TO COMPENSATE FOR PRICES MANY ARE BUYING USED DIESEL ENGINES. USED DIESEL ENGINES STILL PROVIDE ACCEPTABLE DIESEL FUEL ECONOMY, WITH OR WITHOUT DIESEL FUEL ADDITIVES. CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED. IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE, GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT, REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE. DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $. |
As a result, the reciprocating mass (the piston and connecting rod), and the resultant forces to accelerate and to decelerate these masses, are substantially higher the heavier, the bigger and the stronger the part, and the laws of diminishing returns of component strength, mass of component and inertia - all come into play to create a balance of offsets, of optimal mean power output, weight and durability.
Yet it is this same build quality that has allowed some enthusiasts to acquire significant power increases with turbocharged engines through fairly simple and inexpensive modifications. A gasoline engine of similar size cannot put out a comparable power increase without extensive alterations because the stock components would not be able to withstand the higher stresses placed upon them.
Since a diesel engine is already built to withstand higher levels of stress, it makes an ideal candidate for performance tuning with little expense. However it should be said that any modification that raises the amount of fuel and air put through a diesel engine will increase its operating temperature which will reduce its life and increase its service interval requirements. These are issues with newer, lighter, high performance diesel engines which aren't "overbuilt" to the degree of older engines and are being pushed to provide greater power in smaller engines.
The addition of a turbocharger or supercharger to the engine greatly assists in increasing fuel economy and power output, mitigating the fuel-air intake speed limit mentioned above for a given engine displacement. Boost pressures can be higher on diesels than gasoline engines, and the higher compression ratio allows a diesel engine to be more efficient than a comparable spark ignition engine.
Although the calorific value of the fuel is slightly lower at 45.3 MJ/kg (megajoules per kilogram) to gasoline at 45.8 MJ/kg, diesel fuel is much denser and fuel is sold by volume, so diesel contains more energy per litre or gallon. The increased fuel economy of the diesel over the gasoline engine means that the diesel produces less carbon dioxide (CO2) per unit distance.
Recently, advances in production and changes in the political climate have increased the availability and awareness of biodiesel, an alternative to petroleum-derived diesel fuel with a much lower net-sum emission of CO2, due to the absorption of CO2 by plants used to produce the fuel.
The two main factors that held diesel engine back in private vehicles until quite recently were their low power outputs and high noise levels (characterised by knock or clatter, especially at low speeds and when cold). This noise was caused by the sudden ignition of the diesel fuel when injected into the combustion chamber.
This noise was a product of the sudden temperature change, hence it was more pronounced at low engine temperatures. A combination of improved mechanical technology (such as two-stage injectors which fire a short 'pilot charge' of fuel into the cylinder to warm the combustion chamber before delivering the main fuel charge) and electronic control (which can adjust the timing and length of the injection process to optimise it for all speeds and temperatures) have almost totally solved these problems in the latest generation of common-rail designs.
Poor power and narrow torque bands have been solved by the use of turbochargers and intercoolers.
How diesel engines really work
Compressing the gas raises its temperature, the method by which fuel is ignited in diesel engines. Air is drawn into the cylinders and is compressed by pistons at compression ratios as high as 25:1, higher than used for a spark-ignition engines.
At the end of the compression stroke, at the start of the power stroke, diesel fuel is injected continuously into the combustion chamber through an atomizer, igniting from contact the compressed air whose temperature is initially about 700–900 °C (1300–1650 °F). Combustion further heats the air in the chamber, increasing its pressure to move the piston downward.
A connecting rod transmits this motion to a crankshaft to convert linear to rotary motion and delivers power to an output shaft. Scavenging (pushing products of combustion from the cylinder and drawing in a fresh air) the engine is done either by ports or valves. To increase power, a diesel engine may by mechanical supercharger or by an exhaust turbine, have a turbocharger to to increase intake air volume. Use of an aftercooler/intercooler to cool intake air after compression by a supercharger improves efficiency.
In cold weather, diesel engines can be difficult to start because the cold metal of the cylinder block and head draw out the heat created in the cylinder during the compression stroke, thus preventing ignition. Most Diesel engines use small electric heaters called glow plugs inside the cylinder help ignite fuel when starting.
Some even use resistive grid heaters in the intake manifold to warm the inlet air until the engine reaches operating temperature. Engine block heaters (electric resistive heaters in the engine block) connected to the utility grid are often used when an engine is turned off for extended periods (more than an hour) in cold weather to reduce startup time and engine wear. Diesel fuel is also prone to 'waxing' in cold weather, a term for the solidification of diesel oil into a crystalline state.
The crystals build up in the fuel (especially in fuel filters), eventually starving the engine of fuel. Low-output electric heaters in fuel tanks and around fuel lines are used to solve this problem. Also, most engines have a 'spill return' system, by which any excess fuel from the injector pump and injectors is returned to the fuel tank.
Once the engine has warmed, returning warm fuel prevents waxing in the tank. Fuel technology has improved recently so that with special additives waxing no longer occurs in all but the coldest climates.
A vital component of older diesel engine systems is the governor, which limits the speed of the engine by controlling the rate of fuel delivery. Unlike in petrol (gasoline) engines, incoming air is not throttled and an engine without a governor can overspeed. Older injection systems were driven by a gear system from the engine and thus supplied fuel in proportion with engine speed.
Modern, electronically controlled engines apply controls similar to those of petrol engines and limit the maximum RPM through an electronic control module (ECM) or electronic control unit (ECU)—the engine-mounted computer. The ECM/ECU receives an engine speed signal from a sensor and controls the amount of fuel and (start of injection) timing through electric or hydraulic actuators.
Controlling the timing of the start of injection of fuel into the cylinder is a key to minimizing emissions, and maximizing fuel economy (efficiency), of the engine. The timing is usually measured in units of crank angle of the piston before Top Dead Center (TDC). For example, if the ECM/ECU initiates fuel injection when the piston is 10 degrees before TDC, the start of injection, or timing, is said to be 10 deg BTDC. Optimal timing will depend on the engine design as well as its speed and load.
Advancing the start of injection (injecting before the piston reaches TDC) results in higher in-cylinder pressure and temperature, and higher efficiency, but also results in higher emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) through higher temperatures. At the other extreme, delayed start of injection causes incomplete combustion and emits visible smoke made of particulate matter (PM) and unburned hydrocarbon (HC).
Fuel injection in diesel engines
Early fuel injection systems
The modern diesel engine is a combination of two inventors' creations. In all major aspects, it holds true to Diesel's original design, that of the fuel being ignited by compression at an extremely high pressure within the cylinder. However, nearly all present-day diesel engines use the so-called solid injection system invented by Herbert Akroyd Stuart, for his hot bulb engine (a compression-ignition engine that precedes the diesel engine and operates slightly differently).
Solid injection is where the fuel is raised to extreme pressures by mechanical pumps and delivered to the combustion chamber by pressure-activated injectors in an almost solid-state jet. Diesel's original engine injected fuel with the assistance of compressed air, which atomised the fuel and forced it into the engine through a nozzle. This is called an air-blast injection.
The size of the compressor needed to power such a system made early diesel engines very heavy and large for their power outputs, and the need to drive a compressor lowered power output even more. Early marine diesels often had smaller auxiliary engines whose sole purpose was to drive the compressors to supply air to the main engine's injector system. Such a system was too bulky and inefficient to be used for road-going automotive vehicles.
Solid injection systems are lighter, simpler, and allow for much higher RPMs, and so are universally used for automotive diesel engines. Air-blast systems provide very efficient combustion under low-speed, high-load conditions, especially when running on poor-quality fuels, so some large cathedral marine engines use this injection method. Air-blast injection also raises the fuel temperature during the injection process, so is sometimes known as hot-fuel injection. In contrast, solid injection is sometimes called cold-fuel injection.
Because the vast majority of diesel engines in service today use solid injection, the information below relates to that system.
Mechanical and electronic injection of Diesel Engines
Older engines make use of a mechanical fuel pump and valve assembly which is driven by the engine crankshaft, usually from the timing belt or chain. These engines use simple injectors which are basically very precise spring-loaded valves which will open and close at a specific fuel pressure. The pump assembly consists of a pump which pressurizes the fuel and a disc-shaped valve which rotates at half crankshaft speed.
The valve has a single aperture to the pressurized fuel on one side, and one aperture for each injector on the other. As the engine turns, the valve discs will line up and deliver a burst of pressurized fuel to the injector at the cylinder about to enter its power stroke. The injector valve is forced open by the fuel pressure, and the diesel is injected until the valve rotates out of alignment and the fuel pressure to that injector is cut off.
Engine speed is controlled by a third disc, which rotates only a few degrees and is controlled by the throttle lever. This disc alters the width of the aperture through which the fuel passes, and therefore how long the injectors are held open before the fuel supply is cut, which controls the amount of fuel injected.
Older diesel engines with mechanical injection pumps could be inadvertently run in reverse, albeit very inefficiently as witnessed by massive amounts of soot being ejected from the air intake. This was often a consequence of bump starting a vehicle using the wrong gear.
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This contrasts with the more modern method of having a separate fuel pump (or set of pumps) which supplies fuel constantly at high pressure to each injector. Each injector then has a solenoid which is operated by an electronic control unit, which enables more accurate control of injector opening times that depend on other control conditions, such as engine speed and loading, resulting in better engine performance and fuel economy. This design is also mechanically simpler than the combined pump and valve design, making it generally more reliable, and less noisy, than its mechanical counterpart. Both mechanical and electronic injection systems can be used in either direct or indirect injection configurations. Indirect injection of Diesel EnginesAn indirect injection diesel engine delivers fuel into a chamber off the combustion chamber, called a prechamber, where combustion begins and then spreads into the main combustion chamber, assisted by turbulence created in the chamber. This system allows smoother, quieter running, and because combustion is assisted by turbulence, injector pressures can be lower, which in the days of mechanical injection systems allowed high-speed running suitable for road vehicles (typically up to speed of around 4,000 rpm). The prechamber had the disadvantage of increasing heat loss to the engine's cooling system and restricting the combustion burn, which reduced the efficiency by between 5-10% in comparison to a direct injection engine, and nearly all require some form of cold-start device such as glow plugs. Indirect injection engines were used widely in small-capacity high-speed diesel engines in automotive, marine and construction uses from the 1950s, until direct-injection technology advanced in the 1980s. Indirect injection engines are cheaper to build and it is easier to produce smooth, quiet running vehicles with a simple mechanical system, so such engines are still often used in applications which carry less stringent emissions controls than road-going vehicles, such as small marine engines, generators, tractors, and pumps. With electronic injection systems, indirect injection engines are still used in some road-going vehicles, but most prefer the greater efficiency of direct injection. During the development of the high-speed diesel engine in the 1930s, various engine manufacturers developed their own type of pre-combustion chamber. Some, such as Mercedes, had complex internal designs. Others, such as the Lanova pre-combustion chamber, used a mechanical system to adjust the shape of the chamber for starting and running conditions. However, the most commonly-used design turned out to be the 'Comet' series of swirl chambers developed by Harry Ricardo, using a two-piece spherical chamber with a narrow 'throat' to induce turbulence. Most European manufacturers of high-speed diesel engines used Comet-type chambers or developed their own versions (Mercedes stayed with their own design for many years), and this trend continues with current indirect-injection engines. Direct injection of Diesel EnginesModern diesel engines make use of one of the following direct injection methods: Distributor pump direct injection of Diesel EnginesThe first incarnations of direct injection diesels used a rotary pump much like indirect injection diesels; however the injectors were mounted in the top of the combustion chamber rather than in a separate pre-combustion chamber. Examples are vehicles such as the Ford Transit and the Austin Rover Maestro and Montego with their Perkins Prima engine. The problem with these vehicles was the harsh noise that they made and particulate (smoke) emissions. This is the reason that in the main this type of engine was limited to commercial vehicles— the notable exceptions being the Maestro, Montego and Fiat Croma passenger cars. Fuel consumption was about fifteen to twenty percent lower than indirect injection diesels, which for some buyers was enough to compensate for the extra noise. One of the first small-capacity, mass-produced direct-injection engines that could be called refined was developed by the Rover Group.[citation needed] The '200Tdi' 111 hp] 2.5-litre four-cylinder turbodiesel was used by Land Rover in their vehicles from 1989, and the engine used an aluminum cylinder head, Bosch two-stage injection and multi-phase glow plugs to produce a smooth-running and economical engine while still using mechanical fuel injection. This type of engine was transformed by electronic control of the injection pump, pioneered by Volkswagen Audi group with the Audi 100 TDI introduced in 1989. The injection pressure was still only around 300 bar, but the injection timing, fuel quantity, exhaust gas recirculation and turbo boost were all electronically controlled. This gave much more precise control of these parameters which made refinement much more acceptable and emissions acceptably low. Fairly quickly the technology trickled down to more mass market vehicles such as the Mark 3 Golf TDI where it proved to be very popular. These cars were both more economical and more powerful than indirect injection competitors of their day.
Common rail direct injection of Diesel EnginesIn older diesel engines, a distributor-type injection pump, regulated by the engine, supplies bursts of fuel to injectors which are simply nozzles through which the diesel is sprayed into the engine's combustion chamber. In common rail systems, the distributor injection pump is eliminated. Instead an extremely high pressure pump stores a reservoir of fuel at high pressure - up to 1,800 bar (180 MPa, 26,000 psi) - in a "common rail", basically a tube which in turn branches off to computer-controlled injector valves, each of which contains a precision-machined nozzle and a plunger driven by a solenoid, or even by piezo-electric actuators (now employed by Mercedes for example, in their high power output 3.0L V6 common rail diesel).
Most European automakers have common rail diesels in their model lineups, even for commercial vehicles. Some Japanese manufacturers, such as Toyota, Nissan and recently Honda, have also developed common rail diesel engines. Different car makers refer to their common rail engines by different names, e.g. DaimlerChrysler's CDI, Ford Motor Company's TDCi (most of these engines are manufactured by PSA), Fiat Group's (Fiat, Alfa Romeo and Lancia) JTD, Renault's dCi, GM/Opel's CDTi (most of these engines are manufactured by Fiat, other by Isuzu), Hyundai's CRDi, Mitsubishi's DI-D, PSA Peugeot Citroën's HDi (Engines for commercial diesel vehicles are made by Ford Motor Company), Toyota's D-4D, and so on.
Unit direct injection of Diesel EnginesUnit direct injection also injects fuel directly into the cylinder of the engine. However, in this system the injector and the pump are combined into one unit positioned over each cylinder. Each cylinder thus has its own pump, feeding its own injector, which prevents pressure fluctuations and allows more consistent injection to be achieved. This type of injection system, also developed by Bosch, is used by Volkswagen AG in cars (where it is called a Pumpe-Düse-System - literally "pump-nozzle system") and by Mercedes Benz (PLD) and most major diesel engine manufacturers in large commercial engines (CAT, Cummins, Detroit Diesel). With recent advancements, the pump pressure has been raised to 2,050 bar (205 MPa), allowing injection parameters similar to common rail systems. Hypodermic injection injury hazard of Diesel EnginesBecause many diesel engine fuel injection systems operate at extremely high pressure, there is a risk of injury by hypodermic injection of fuel, if the fuel injector is removed from its seat and operated in open air. Types of diesel enginesEarly diesel engines Rudolph Diesel intended his engine to replace the steam engine as the primary power source for industry. As such diesel engines in the late 19th- and early 20th-centuries used the same basic layout and form as industrial steam engines, with long-bore cylinders, external valve gear, cross-head bearings and an open crankshaft connected to a large flywheel.
Smaller engine would be built with vertical cylinders, whilst most medium- and large-sized industrial engines were built with horizontal cylinders, just as steam engines had been. Engines could be built with more than one cylinder in both cases. The largest early diesels resembled the triple-expansion reciprocating steam engine, being tens of feet high with vertical cylinders arranged in-line. These early engines ran at very slow speeds- partly due to the limitations of their air-blast injector equipment and partly so they would be compatable with the majority of industrial equipment designed for steam engines- speed ranges of between 100 and 300 RPM were common. Engines were usually started by allowing compressed air into the cylinders to turn the engine, although smaller engines could be started by hand. In the early decades of the 20th century, when large diesel engines were first being fitted to ships, the engines took a form similar to the compound steam engines common at the time, with the piston being connected to the connecting rod via a crosshead bearing. Following steam engine practice, double-acting 4-stroke diesel engines were constructed to increase power output, with combustion taking place on both sides of the piston, with two sets of valve gear and fuel injection.
This system also meant that the engine's direction of rotation could be reversed by altering the injector timing. This meant the engine could be coupled directly to the propeller without the need for a gearbox. Whilst producing large amounts of power and being very efficient, the double-acting diesel engine's main problem was producing a good seal where the piston rod passed through the bottom of the lower combustion chamber to the crosshead bearing. By the 1930s it was found easier and more reliable to fit turbochargers to the engines, although crosshead bearings are still used to reduce the stress on the crankshaft bearings in large long-stroke cathedral engines. Modern diesel enginesThere are two classes of diesel (and gasoline) engines: two-stroke and four-stroke. Most diesels generally use the four-stroke cycle, with some larger diesels operating on the two-stroke cycle, mainly the huge engines in ships (see also Nissan UD3, UD4 and UD6 engine series). Most modern locomotives use a two-stroke diesel mated to a generator, which produces current to drive electric motors, eliminating the need for a transmission. To achieve operational pressure in the cylinders, two-stroke diesels must utilize forced aspiration from either a turbocharger or supercharger. Diesel two-strokes are ideal for such applications because of their high power density--with twice as many power strokes per crankshaft revolution compared to a four-stroke, they are capable of producing much more power per displacement. Normally, banks of cylinders are used in multiples of two, although any number of cylinders can be used as long as the load on the crankshaft is counterbalanced to prevent excessive vibration. The inline-6 is the most prolific in medium- to heavy-duty engines, though the V8 and straight-4 are also common. Small-capacity engines (generally considered to be those below 5 litres in capacity) are generally 4- or 6-cylinder types, with the 4-cylinder being the most common type found in automotive uses. 5-cylinder diesel engines have also been produced, being a compromise between the smooth running of the 6-cylinder and the space-efficient dimensions of the 4-cylinder. Diesel engines for smaller plant machinery, boats, tractors, generators and pumps may be 4-, 3-, 2-cylinder types, with the single cylinder diesel engine remaining for light stationary work. The desire to improve the diesel engine's power-to-weight ratio produced several novel cylinder arrangements to extract more power from a given capacity. The Napier Deltic engine, with three cylinders arranged in a triangular formation, each containing two opposed-action pistons, the whole engine having three crankshafts, is one of the better known.
The Commer van company of the As a footnote, prior to 1949, Sulzer started experimenting with two-stroke engines with boost pressures as high as 6 atmospheres, in which all of the output power was taken from an exhaust turbine. The two-stroke pistons directly drove air compressor pistons to make a positive displacement gas generator. Opposed pistons were connected by linkages instead of crankshafts. Several of these units could be connected together to provide power gas to one large output turbine. The overall thermal efficiency was roughly twice that of a simple gas turbine. (Source Modern High-Speed Oil Engines Volume II by C. W. Chapman published by The Caxton Publishing Co. Ltd. reprinted in July 1949) Carbureted compression ignition model engines Simple compression ignition engines are made for model propulsion. This is quite similar to the typical glow-plug engine that runs on a mixture of methanol (methyl alcohol) and lubricant (typically castor oil) (and occasionally nitro-methane to improve performance) with a hot wire filament to provide ignition. Rather than containing a glow plug the head has an adjustable contra piston above the piston, forming the upper surface of the combustion chamber. This contra piston is restrained by an adjusting screw controlled by an external lever (or sometimes by a removable hex key). The fuel used contains ether, which is highly volatile and has an extremely low flash point, combined with kerosene and a lubricant plus a very small proportion (typically 2%) of ignition improver such as Amyl nitrate or preferably Isopropyl nitrate nowadays. The engine is started by reducing the compression and setting the spray bar mixture rich with the adjustable needle valve, gradually increasing the compression while cranking the engine. The compression is increased until the engine starts running. The mixture can then be leaned out and the compression increased. Compared to glow plug engines, model diesel engines exhibit much higher fuel economy, thus increasing endurance for the amount of fuel carried. They also exhibit higher torque, enabling the turning of a larger or higher pitched propeller at slower speed. Since the combustion occurs well before the exhaust port is uncovered, these engines are also considerably quieter (when unmuffled) than glow-plug engines of similar displacement. Compared to glow plug engines, model diesels are more difficult to throttle over a wide range of powers, making them less suitable for radio control models than either two or four stroke glow-plug engines although this difference is claimed to be less noticeable with the use of modern schneurle-ported engines. What You Should Know About the Diesel Engine's Performance Increase1862: Nicolaus Otto develops his coal gas engine, similar to a modern gasoline engine. 1891: Herbert Akroyd Stuart, of Bletchley perfects his oil engine, and leases rights to Hornsby of England to build engines. They build the first cold start, compression ignition engines. 1892: Hornsby engine No. 101 is built and installed in a waterworks. It is now in the MAN truck museum in Northern England. 1892: Rudolf Diesel develops his Carnot
heat engine type motor which burnt powdered coal dust. He is employed by refrigeration
genius Carl von Linde, then Munich iron manufacturer
MAN AG, and later by the Sulzer engine company of 1892: John Froelich builds his first oil engine powered farm tractor. 1894: Witte, Reid, and Fairbanks start building oil engines with a variety of ignition systems. 1896: Hornsby builds diesel tractors and railway engines. 1897: Winton produces and drives the first
1897: Mirrlees, Watson & Yaryan build the first British diesel engine under license from Rudolf Diesel. This is now displayed in the Science Museum at South Kensington, London. 1898: Busch installs a Rudolf Diesel type
engine in his brewery in St. Louis. It is the first
in the 1899: Diesel licences his engine to builders Burmeister & Wain, Krupp, and Sulzer, who become famous builders. 1902: F. Rundlof invents the two-stroke crankcase, scavenged hot bulb engine. 1902: A company named Forest City started manufacturing diesel generators. 1903: Ship Gjoa transits the ice-filled Northwest Passage, aided with a Dan kerosene engine. 1904: French build the first diesel submarine, the Z. 1908: Bolinder-Munktell starts building two stroke hot-bulb engines. 1912: First diesel ship MS Selandia is built. SS Fram, polar explorer Amundsen’s flagship, is converted to a AB Atlas diesel. 1913: Fairbanks Morse starts building its Y model semi-diesel engine. US Navy submarines use NELSECO units. 1914: German U-Boats are powered by MAN diesels. War service proves engine's reliability. 1920s: Fishing fleets convert to oil engines. Atlas-Imperial of Oakland, Union, and Lister diesels appear. 1924: First diesel trucks appear. 1928: Canadian National Railways employ a diesel shunter in their yards. 1930s: Clessie Cummins starts with Dutch diesel engines, and then builds his own into trucks and a Duesenberg luxury car at the Daytona speedway. 1930s: Caterpillar starts building diesels for their tractors. 1933: Citroën introduced the Rosalie, a passenger car with the world’s first commercially available diesel engine developed with Harry Ricardo. 1934: General Motors starts a GM diesel research facility. It builds diesel railroad engines—The Pioneer Zephyr—and goes on to found the General Motors Electro-Motive Division, which becomes important building engines for landing craft and tanks in the Second World War. GM then applies this knowledge to market control with its famous Green Leakers for buses and railroad engines. 1936: Mercedes-Benz builds the 260D diesel car. A.T.S.F inaugurates the diesel train Super Chief. 1936: Airship Hindenburg is powered by diesel engines. Emissions of the Diesel EngineDiesel engines produce very little carbon monoxide as they burn the fuel in excess air even at full load, at which point the quantity of fuel injected per cycle is still about 50% lean of stoichiometric. However, they can produce black soot (or more specifically diesel particulate matter) from their exhaust, which consists of unburned carbon compounds. This is often caused by worn injectors, which do not atomize the fuel sufficiently, or a faulty engine management system which allows more fuel to be injected than can be burned completely in the available time. The full load limit of a diesel engine in normal service is defined by the "black smoke limit", beyond which point the fuel cannot be completely combusted; as the "black smoke limit" is still considerably lean of stoichiometric it is possible to obtain more power by exceeding it, but the resultant inefficient combustion means that the extra power comes at the price of reduced combustion efficiency, high fuel consumption and dense clouds of smoke, so this is only done in specialised applications (such as tractor pulling) where these disadvantages are of little concern. Likewise, when starting from cold, the engine's combustion efficiency is reduced because the cold engine block draws heat out of the cylinder in the compression stroke. The result is that fuel is not combusted fully, resulting in blue/white smoke and lower power outputs until the engine has warmed through.
This is especially the case with in-direct injection engines which are less thermally efficient. With electronic injection, the timing and length of the injection sequence can be altered to compensate for this. Older engines with mechanical injection can have manual control to alter the timing, or multi-phase electronically-controlled glow plugs, that stay on for a period after start-up to ensure clean combustion- the plugs are automatically switched to a lower power to prevent them burning out. Particles of the size normally called PM10 (particles of 10 micrometres or smaller) have been implicated in health problems, especially in cities. Some modern diesel engines feature diesel particulate filters, which catch the black soot and when saturated are automatically regenerated by burning the particles. Other problems associated with the exhaust gases (nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides) can be mitigated with further investment and equipment; some diesel cars now have catalytic converters in the exhaust.
Power and torque of Diesel EnginesFor commercial uses requiring towing, load carrying and other tractive tasks, diesel engines tend to have more desirable torque characteristics. Diesel engines tend to have their torque peak quite low in their speed range (usually between 1600–2000 rpm for a small-capacity unit, lower for a larger engine used in a truck). This provides smoother control over heavy loads when starting from rest, and crucially allows the diesel engine to be given higher loads at low speeds than a petrol/gasoline engine, which makes them much more economical for these applications. This characteristic is not so desirable in private cars, so most modern diesels used in such vehicles use electronic control, variable geometry turbochargers and shorter piston strokes to achieve a wider spread of torque over the engine's speed range, typically peaking at around 2500–3000 rpm. Reliability of Diesel EnginesThe lack of an electrical ignition system greatly improves the reliability. The high durability of a diesel engine is also due to its overbuilt nature (see above) as well as the diesel's combustion cycle, which creates less-violent changes in pressure when compared to a spark-ignition engine, a benefit that is magnified by the lower rotating speeds in diesels. Diesel fuel is a better lubricant than gasoline so is less harmful to the oil film on piston rings and cylinder bores; it is routine for diesel engines to cover 250,000 miles (400 000 km) or more without a rebuild. Unfortunately, due to the greater compression force required and the increased weight of the stronger components, starting a diesel engine is a harder task. More torque is required to push the engine through compression. Either an electrical starter or an air start system is used to start the engine turning. On large engines, pre-lubrication and slow turning of an engine, as well as heating, are required to minimize the amount of engine damage during initial start-up and running. Some smaller military diesels can be started with an explosive cartridge, called a Coffman starter, which provides the extra power required to get the machine turning. In the past, Caterpillar and John Deere used a small gasoline pony motor in their tractors to start the primary diesel motor. The pony motor heated the diesel to aid in ignition and utilized a small clutch and transmission to actually spin up the diesel engine. Even more unusual was an International Harvester design in which the diesel motor had its own carburetor and ignition system, and started on gasoline. Once warmed up, the operator moved two levers to switch the motor to diesel operation, and work could begin. These engines had very complex cylinder heads (with their own gasoline combustion chambers) and in general were vulnerable to expensive damage if special care was not taken (especially in letting the engine cool before turning it off). As mentioned above, diesel engines tend to have more torque at lower engine speeds than gasoline engines. However, diesel engines tend to have a narrower power band than gasoline engines. Naturally-aspirated diesels tend to lack power and torque at the top of their speed range. This narrow band is a reason why a vehicle such as a truck may have a gearbox with as many as 16 or more gears, to allow the engine's power to be used effectively at all speeds. Turbochargers tend to improve power at high engine speeds, superchargers do the same at lower speeds, and variable geometry turbochargers improve the engine's performance equally (or make the torque curve flatter). Quality and variety of fuels of Diesel EnginesPetrol/gasoline engines are limited in the variety and quality of the fuels they can burn. Older petrol engines fitted with a carburetor required a volatile fuel that would vaporise easily to create the necessary fuel/air mix for combustion. Because both air and fuel is admitted to the cylinder, if the compression ratio of the engine is too high or the fuel too volatile (with too low an octane rating), the fuel will ignite under compression, in a similar fashion to in a diesel engine, before the piston reaches the top of its stroke. This pre-ignition causes a power loss and over time major damage to the piston and cylinder. The need for a fuel that is volatile enough to vaporise but not too volatile (to avoid pre-ignition) means that petrol engines will only run on a narrow range of fuels. There has been some success at dual-fuel engines that use gasoline/Ethanol, gasoline/Propane, and gasoline/Methane.
In diesel engines, a mechanical injector system vaporises the fuel (instead of a Venturi jet in a carburetor as in a petrol engine). This forced vaporisation means that less volatile fuels can be used. More crucially, because only air is inducted into the cylinder in a diesel engine, the compression ratio can be much higher as there is no risk of pre-ignition provided the injection process is accurately timed. This means that cylinder temperatures are much higher in a diesel engine than a petrol engine allowing less combustible fuels to be used. Diesel fuel is a form of light fuel oil, very similar to kerosene, but diesel engines, especially older or simple designs that lack precision electronic injection systems, can run on a wide variety of other fuels. One of the most common alternatives is vegetable oil from a very wide variety of plants. Some engines can be run on vegetable oil without modification, and most others require fairly basic alterations. Bio-diesel is a pure diesel fuel refined from vegetable oil and can be used in nearly all diesel engines. The only limits on the fuels used in diesel engines are the ability of the fuel to flow along the fuel lines and the ability of the fuel to lubricate the injector pump and injectors adequately. Most large marine diesels (often called cathedral engines due to their size) run on heavy fuel oil (sometimes called "bunker oil"), which is a thick, viscous and almost un-flammable fuel which is very safe to store and cheap to buy in bulk as it is a waste product from the petroleum refining industry. The fuel must be heated to thin it out (often by the exhaust header) and is often passed through multiple injection stages to vaporise it.
Dieseling in spark-ignition enginesA gasoline (spark ignition) engine can sometimes act as a compression ignition engine under abnormal circumstances, a phenomenon typically described as pinging or pinking (during normal running) or dieseling(when the engine continues to run after the electrical ignition system is shut off). This is usually caused by hot carbon deposits within the combustion chamber that act as would a glow plug within a diesel or model aircraft engine. Excessive heat can also be caused by improper ignition timing and/or fuel/air ratio which in turn overheats the exposed portions of the spark plug within the combustion chamber. Finally, high-compression engines that require high octane fuel may knock when a lower-octane fuel is used. Fuel and fluid characteristics of Diesel EnginesDiesel engines can operate on a variety of different fuels, depending on configuration, though the eponymous diesel fuel derived from crude oil is most common. Good-quality diesel fuel can be synthesised from vegetable oil and alcohol. Biodiesel is growing in popularity since it can frequently be used in unmodified engines, though production remains limited. Recently, Biodiesel from coconut which can
produce a very promising coco methyl esther (CME) has characteristics
which enhances lubricity and combustion giving a regular diesel engine without
any modification more power, less particulate matter or black smoke and smoother
engine performance. The The engines can work with the full spectrum of crude oil distillates, from compressed natural gas, alcohols, gasolene, to the fuel oils from diesel oil to residual fuels. The type of fuel used is a combination of service requirements, and fuel costs. Residual fuels are the "dregs" of the distillation process and are a thicker, heavier oil, or oil with higher viscosity, which are so thick that they are not readily pumpable unless heated. Residual fuel oils are cheaper than clean, refined diesel oil, although they are dirtier. Their main considerations are for use in ships and very large generation sets, due to the cost of the large volume of fuel consumed, frequently amounting to many tonnes per hour. The poorly refined biofuels straight vegetable oil (SVO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO) can fall into this category. Moving beyond that, use of low-grade fuels can lead to serious maintenance problems. Most diesel engines that power ships like supertankers are built so that the engine can safely use low grade fuels. Normal diesel fuel is more difficult to ignite than gasoline because of its higher flash point, but once burning, a diesel fire can be fierce. The worldwide usage of the diesel engine is very much dependent on local conditions and the specific application. Applications which require the diesel's reliability and high torque output (such as tractors, trucks, heavy equipment, most buses etc.) are found practically world-wide (obviously these applications also benefit from the diesel's improved fuel economy). Local conditions such as fuel prices play
a big part in the acceptance of the diesel engine- for example, in Europe most tractors were
diesel-powered by the end of the 1950s, whilst in the Besides their use in merchant ships and boats, there is also a naval advantage in the relative safety of diesel fuel, additional to improved range over a gasoline engine. The German "pocket battleships" were the largest diesel warships, but the German torpedo-boats known as E-boats (Schnellboot) of the Second World War were also diesel craft. Conventional submarines have used them since before the First World War. It was an advantage of American diesel-electric submarines that they operated a two-stroke cycle as opposed to the four-stroke cycle that other navies used. Mercedes-Benz, cooperating with Robert Bosch GmbH, has had a successful run of diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, sold in many parts of the World, with other manufacturers joining in the 1970s and 1980s. Other car manufacturers followed, Borgward in 1952, Fiat in 1953 and Peugeot in 1958. In the Dodge with its ever-famous Cummins inline-six diesels optioned in pickup trucks (since about the late 1980's) really revitalized the appeal for diesel power in light vehicles among American consumers, though, but a superior and widely-accepted American regular-production diesel passenger car never materialized. Trying to convert a gasoline engine for diesel use proved foolhardy on the part of GM.
Ford Motor Company tried diesel engines
in some passenger cars in the 1980's, but to not much avail. In addition,
before the introduction of 15 parts per million ultra-low sulfur diesel, which
started at 15 October 2006 in the U.S. (1 June 2006 in Canada), diesel fuel
used in North America still had higher sulfur content than the fuel used in
Europe, effectively limiting diesel use to industrial vehicles, which had
further contributed to the negative image. Ultra-low sulfur diesel is not
mandatory until 2010 in the Light and heavy trucks, in the In European governments tend to favor diesel engines in taxation policy because of diesel's superior fuel efficiency. In Europe, where tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel much cheaper than gasoline, diesel vehicles are very popular (over half the new cars sold are powered by diesel engines) and newer designs have significantly narrowed differences between petrol and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned. Often, among comparably designated models, the turbodiesels outperform their naturally aspirated petrol-powered sister cars. One anecdote tells of Formula One driver
Jenson Button, who was arrested while driving a diesel-powered BMW 330cd Coupé
at 230 km/h (about 140 mph) in Mercedes-Benz, offering diesel-powered passenger cars since 1936, has put the emphasis on high performance diesel cars in its newer ranges, as does Volkswagen with its brands. Citroën sells more cars with diesel engines than gasoline engines, as the French brands (also Peugeot) pioneered smoke-less HDI designs with filters. Even the Italian marque Alfa Romeo, known for design and successful history in racing, focuses on diesels that are also raced. A few motorcycles have been built using diesel engines, but the weight and cost disadvantages generally outweigh the efficiency gains in this application. Within the Diesel Engine industry, engines are often categorized by their speed into three unofficial groups:
High-speed Diesel EnginesHigh-speed (approximately 1200 rpm and greater) engines are used to power trucks (lorries), buses, tractors, cars, yachts, compressors, pumps and small electrical generators. Medium-speed Diesel EnginesLarge electrical generators are often driven by medium speed engines, (approximately 300 to 1200 rpm) which are optimised to run at a set (synchronous) speed depending on the generation frequency (50 or 60 Hz) and provide a rapid response to load changes. Medium speed engines are also used for ship propulsion and mechanical drive applications such as large compressors or pumps. The largest medium speed engines produced today (2007) have outputs up to approximately 22,400 kW (30,000 bhp). Medium speed engines produced today are primarily four-stroke machines, however there are some two-stroke units still in production. Low-speed Diesel Engines(aka "Slow-speed") The largest diesel engines are primarily used to power ships, although there are a very few land-based power generation units as well. These extremely large two-stroke engines have power outputs up to 80MW, operate in the range from approximately 60 to 120 rpm, and are up to 15 m tall, and can weigh over 2000 tons. They typically run on cheap low-grade "heavy fuel", also known as "Bunker" fuel, which requires heating in the ship for tanking and before injection due to the fuel's high viscosity. Companies such as MAN B&W Diesel, (formerly Burmeister & Wain) and Wärtsilä (which acquired Sulzer Diesel) design such large low speed engines. They are unusually narrow and tall due to the addition of a crosshead bearing. Today, the 14 cylinder Wärtsilä RT-flex 96C turbocharged two-stroke diesel engine built by Wärtsilä licensee Doosan in Korea is the most powerful diesel engine put into service, with a cylinder bore of 960 mm delivering 80.08 MW (108,920 bhp). It was put into service in September 2006, aboard the world's largest container ship Emma Maersk which belongs to the A.P. Moller-Maersk Group. Unusual applications of Diesel EnginesAircraft The zeppelins Graf Zeppelin II and Hindenburg were propelled by reversible diesel engines. The direction of operation was changed by shifting gears on the camshaft. From full power forward, the engines could be brought to a stop, changed over, and brought to full power in reverse in less than 60 seconds. Diesel engines were first tried in aircraft in the 1930s. A number of manufacturers built engines, the best known probably being the Packard air-cooled radial, and the Junkers Jumo 205, which was moderately successful, but proved unsuitable for combat use in WWII. Postwar, another interesting proposal was the complex Napier Nomad. In general, though, the lower power-to-weight ratio of diesels, particularly compared to kerosene-powered turboprop engines, has precluded their use in this application. The very high cost of avgas in Europe, and the advances in automotive diesel technology have seen renewed interest in the concept. New, certified diesel-powered light planes are already available, and a number of other companies are also developing new engine and aircraft designs for the purpose.
Many of these run on the readily-available jet fuel, or can run on either jet fuel or conventional automotive diesel. To gain the high power:weight ratio needed for an aero engine, these new 'aero-diesels' are usually two-strokes and some, like the British 'Dair' engine, use opposed-action pistons to gain further power. Although the weight and lower output of a diesel engine tend to keep them away from automotive racing applications, there are many diesels being raced in classes that call for them, mainly in truck racing and tractor pulling, as well in types of racing where these drawbacks are less severe, such as land speed record racing or endurance racing. Even diesel engined dragsters exist, despite the diesel's drawbacks of weight and low peak rpm, specifications central to performance in this sport.[3] 1931 - Clessie Cummins installed his diesel in a race car, hitting 162 km/h at Daytona and 138 km/h at the Indianapolis 500 race, where Dave Evans drove it to 13th place by finishing the entire race without a pit stop, relying on torque and fuel efficiency to overcome weight and low peak power. In 1933, A 1925 Bentley with a Gardner 4LW engine was the first diesel-engine car to take part in the Monte Carlo Rally when it was driven by Lord Howard de Clifford. It was the leading British car and finished fifth overall. In 1952, Fred Agabashian in a Cummins diesel won the pole at the Indianapolis 500 race with a turbocharged 6.6 liter diesel car, setting a record for pole position lap speed, 222.108 km/h or 138.010 mph. Don Cummins and his chief engineer Neve Reiners recognized that the low center of gravity of the flat engine configuration (designed to lie beneath the floor of a bus) plus the power advantage gained by the novel use of Elliott turbocharging would be a winning combination. At the start, a slow pace lap (reportedly less than 80 mph) apparently induced what is now referred to as "turbo lag" and badly hampered the throttle response of the Cummins Diesel. Although Agabashian found himself in eighth place before reaching the first turn, he moved up to fifth in a few laps and was running competitively (albeit well back in the field after a tire change) until the badly situated air intake of the car swallowed enough debris from the track to disable the turbocharger at lap 71; he finished 27th. With turbocharged diesel cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were also entered in touring car racing, and BMW even won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998 with a 320d, against other factory-entered diesel competition of Volkswagen and about 200 normally powered cars. Alfa Romeo even organized a racing series with their Alfa Romeo 147 1.9 JTD models. The VW Dakar Rally entrants for 2005 and 2006 are powered by their own line of TDI engines in order to challenge for the first overall diesel win there. Meanwhile, the five time 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Audi R8 race car was replaced by the Audi R10 in 2006, which is powered by a 650 hp (485 kW) and 1100 N·m (810 lbf·ft) V12 TDI common rail diesel engine, mated to a 5-speed gearbox, instead of the 6 used in the R8, to handle the extra torque produced. The gearbox is considered the main problem, as earlier attempts by others failed due to the lack of suitable transmissions that could stand the torque long enough. After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with their diesel-powered R10, Audi obtained the overall win at the 2006 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This is the first time a sports car can compete for overall victories with diesel fuel against cars powered with regular fuel or methanol and bio-ethanol. However, the significance of this is slightly lessened by the fact that the ACO/ALMS race rules encourage the use of alternative fuels such as diesel. Audi again triumphed at Sebring in 2007. It had both a speed and fuel economy advantage over the entire field including the Porsche RS Spyder's which are gasoline powered purpose-built race cars. After the Sebring win it's safe to say that Audi's diesels will win the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans again this year. The only competition coming from Peugot's diesel powered 908 racer. But that car has not turned a wheel in a race. In 2006, the JCB Dieselmax broke the diesel land speed record posting an average speed of over 328 mph. The vehicle used "two diesel engines that have a combined total of 1,500 horsepower (1120 kilowatts). Each is a 4-cylinder, 4.4-liter engine used commercially as a backhoe loader." See MSNBC news See BBC news Motorcycles with Diesel EnginesWith a traditionally poor power-to-weight ratio, diesel engines are generally unsuited to use in a motorcycle, which requires high power, light weight and a fast-revving engine. However, in the 1980s NATO forces in Europe standardised all their vehicles to diesel power. Some had fleets of motorcycles, and so trials were conducted with diesel engines for these. Air-cooled single-cylinder engines built by Lombardini of Italy were used and had some success, achieving similar performance to petrol bikes and fuel usage of nearly 200 miles per gallon. This led to some countries re-fitting their bikes with diesel power.
Development by Cranfield University and California-based Hayes Diversified Technologies led to the production of a diesel powered off road motorbike based on the running gear of a Kawasaki KLR650 petrol-engine trail bike for military use. The engine of the diesel motorcycle is a liquid cooled, single cylinder four- stroke which displaces 584 cm³ and produces 21 kW (28 bhp) with a top speed of 85mph (136 km/h). Hayes Diversified Technologies mooted, but has subsequently delayed, the delivery of a civilian version for approx USD$19,000. Expensive compared to comparable models. In 2005 the United States Marine Corps adopted
the M1030M1, a dirtbike based on the Kawasaki KLR650 and modified with an
engine designed to run on diesel or JP8 jet fuel. Since other In India, motorcycles built by Royal Enfield can be bought with 650 cm³ single-cylinder diesel engines based on the similar petrol engines used, due to the fact that diesel is much cheaper than petrol and of more reliable quality. These engines are noisy and unrefined, but very popular due to their reliability anAlready, many common rail and unit injection systems employ new injectors using stacked piezoelectric crystals in lieu of a solenoid, which gives finer control of the injection event. Variable geometry turbochargers have flexible vanes, which move and let more air into the engine depending on load. This technology increases both performance and fuel economy. Boost lag is reduced as turbo impeller inertia is compensated for. Accelerometer pilot control (APC) uses an accelerometer to provide feedback on the engine's level of noise and vibration and thus instruct the ECU to inject the minimum amount of fuel that will produce quiet combustion and still provide the required power (especially while idling.) The next generation of common rail diesels is expected to use variable injection geometry, which allows the amount of fuel injected to be varied over a wider range, and variable valve timing similar to that on gasoline engines. Particularly in the United States, coming tougher emissions regulations present a considerable challenge to diesel engine manufacturers. Other methods to achieve even more efficient combustion, such as HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) are being studied. Modern diesel engine factsFuel passes through the injector jets at speeds of nearly 1500 miles per hour (2400 km/h) Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber in less than 1.5 ms – about as long as a camera flashes. The smallest quantity of fuel injected is one cubic millimetre – about the same volume as the head of a pin. The largest injection quantity at the moment for automobile diesel engines is around 70 cubic millimetres. If the crankshaft of a six-cylinder engine is turning at 4500 rpm, the injection system has to control and deliver 225 injection cycles per second. On a demonstration drive, a Volkswagen 1-litre diesel-powered car used only 0.89 litres of fuel in covering 100 kilometres (264 mpg {US}, 317 mpg {Imperial/English}) – making it probably the most fuel-efficient car in the world. Bosch’s high-pressure fuel injection system was one of the main factors behind the prototype’s extremely low fuel consumption. Production record-breakers in fuel economy include the Volkswagen Lupo 3 L TDI and the Audi A2 3 L 1.2 TDI with standard consumption figures of 3 litres of fuel per 100 kilometres (78 mpg {US}, 94 mpg {Imperial}). Their high-pressure diesel injection systems are also supplied by Bosch. In 2001,
nearly 36% of newly registered cars in Western Europe had diesel engines. By way of comparison:
in 1996, diesel-powered cars made up only 15% of the new car registrations
in The first production diesel cars were the Mercedes-Benz 260D and the Hanomag Rekord, both introduced in 1936. The Citroën Rosalie was also produced between 1935 and 1937 with an extremely rare diesel engine option (the 1766 cc 11UD engine) only in the Familiale (estate or station wagon) version. Following the 1970s oil crisis, turbodiesels were tested (e. g. by the Mercedes-Benz C111 experimental and record-setting vehicles). The first production turbo diesel car was, in 1978, the 3.0 5-cyl 115 HP (86 kW) Mercedes 300 SD, available only in North America. In Europe, the Peugeot 604 with a 2.3 litre turbo diesel was introduced in 1979, and then the Mercedes 300 TD turbo. Many Audi enthusiasts claim that the Audi 100 TDI was the first turbo charged direct injection diesel sold in 1989, but actually it isn't true, as the Fiat Croma TD-i.d. was sold with turbo direct injection in 1986 and two years later Austin Rover Montego. What was pioneering about the Audi 100 however was the use of electronic control of the engine, as the Fiat and Austin had purely mechanically controlled injection. The electronic control of direct injection really made a difference in terms of emissions, refinement and power. It's interesting to see that the big players in the diesel car market are the same ones who pioneered various developments (Mercedes-Benz, BMW, Peugeot/Citroën, Fiat, Alfa Romeo, Volkswagen Group), with the exception of Austin Rover- although Austin Rover's ancestor, The Rover Motor Company had been building small-capacity diesel engines since 1956, when it introduced a 2051 cm³ 4-cylinder diesel engine for its Land Rover 4 × 4. In 1998, for the very first time in the history of racing, in the legendary 24 Hours Nürburgring race, a diesel-powered car was the overall winner: the BMW works team 320d, a BMW E36 fitted with modern high-pressure diesel injection technology from Robert Bosch GmbH. The low fuel consumption and long range, allowing 4 hours of racing at once, made it a winner, as comparable petrol-powered cars spent more time refueling. In 2006, the new Audi R10 TDI LMP1 entered by Joest Racing became the first diesel-engined car to win the 24 Hours of Le Mans. The winning car also bettered the post-1990 course configuration lap record by 1, at 380. However, this fell short of the all-time distance record set in 1971 by over 200 km.
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giegnelatoars geigneratoars giegneraters geignelatoars giegnelaters geigneraters geignelaters giegnerators giegnelators geignerators gemerators generatosr generatros generaotrs genertaors geneartors genreators geenrators gneerators egnerators enerators injector injector ijector inector injctor injetor injecor injectr injecter injectur injectol 1njector imjector injectro injecotr injetcor injcetor inejctor ijnector nijector injecto njector injectors injector ijector inector injctor injetor injecor injectr injecter injectur injectol 1njectors injectors imjectors injectosr injectros injecotrs injetcors injcetors inejctors ijnectors nijectors injectos injectrs injecors injetors injctors inectors ijectors njectors motors motor motur motol moter motos motols motoes motous motors motoars moters mours mools moors mooars notors motosr motros mootrs mtoors omtors motrs mtors otors diesel dyesal diusal diesel diesal deisal dyesle dieser deiser dyeser diusel diusle deisel diuser diesle deisle dyesel diese dyese deise diuse d1ese1 d1esel dieesl diseel idesel diesl dieel disel desel iesel engine engine engein engeigne eigngeiegn engeeign iegngine engiegne iegngein engeiegn iegngeen eigngine iegngeigne eigngein iegngeeign eigngeen iegngiegne eigngeigne iegngeiegn eigngeeign engeen eigngiegne eigngiegn engin iegngin engen iegngen engan iegngan engeign iegngeign engiegn iegngiegn eigngin eigngen eigngan eigngeign eng1ne emgine engien engnie enigne egnine negine engie engne enine egine ngine performance performance perfolmenc performe perfomance purfolmence polformanc porforme perforance purfolmanse purformance pelforme performnce purforma purformence polforme performace purforme purformanse performenc performane purformenc purformense porformenc performa prformance purfromance perfromenc porforma peformance purfromence pelformenc pelforma perormance purfromanse pelfromanc polforma perfrmance purfolmance porfroma porfolmance porfrome porfolmence purfroma porfolma purfrome porfolme porfolmanse purfolma perfolma purfolme pelfolma perfroma perfolme perfrome pelfolme polformanse pelfromance porfromance performence polfromance pelfromence porfromence porformance pelfolmance pelfromanse perfromanse porformence pelfolmence perfolmance perfromense performanse pelfolmanse perfolmence porfromanse performense polformance pelformance porformanse polformence pelformence porformense perfolmanse pelformanse perfromance perfolmense pelformense perfromence purpholmanc porfromanc performanc prformanc purfromanc pelformanc peformanc perphormanc perfolmanc perormanc pelphormanc pelfolmanc perfrmanc pumps pumps punps pumsp pupms pmups upmps repair repair repare lepare repiar lepair lepiar repail lepail repa1r repari reapir rpeair erpair repai repar repir reair rpair epair tools tools touls toors tours tewels to1s toosl tolos otols tols valves valve vahrve vahlfe velve velfe vahlve vilve vilfe valfe varve varfe valves valfes varves varfes vahlves vahrves vahlfes velves velfes vaels vares vales alves alfes arves arfes vahres vahels veles vahles va1ves valvse valevs vavles vlaves avlves valvs vaves vlves industrial industrial industral industril idustrial inustrial indstrial indutrial indusrial industial iegndustleal iegndustrial eigndustriar industlial iegndustriar eigndustrail industlail iegndustrail eigndustrair industrair industliar iegndustrair eigndustreal industlair iegndustreal eigndustrear industreal iegndustrear eigndustlial industrear iegndustlial eigndustliar industleal iegndustliar eigndustlail industlear industrail iegndustlail eigndustleal eigndustrial industriar idustria eigndustlia industria inustria eigndustlai industrai indstria eigndustlea industrea indutria iegndustria industlia indusria iegndustrai industlai industia iegndustrea industlea industra iegndustlia eigndustria iegndustlai eigndustrai iegndustlea eigndustrea 1ndustr1a1 1ndustr1al imdustrial industrila industiral indusrtial indutsrial indsutrial inudstrial idnustrial nidustrial ndustrial marine marine maline mariegne maheeign maheigne maleeign mareeign maheiegn maleigne mahiegne mareigne maleiegn mahine mareiegn maliegne maleen maheen mareen maine manee main maein miane maeiegn maiegn maeigne maeeign maeign maiegne maeen marie mary maly mahei mahie mahy marei malie malei marin malin malan mariegn mahan maliegn mahiegn maheign mahin maren malen mahen mareign maran maleign marne mahne malne marny amriegn malieign malny amreiegn mahieign mahnie amriegne mariiegn marien mahnei amreign maliiegn malien mahny amreeign mahiiegn marein marnie amreigne malein malnie amrin mahien marnei amrein mahein malnei amrine marieign nar1me narime marime mairne mraine mrine arine mercedes mercedes merceeds melcedes melceeds mercdes mercees merceds morcedes morceeds mrcedes mecedes meredes mercde mercede mercee merceed melcede melceed morcede morceed mrcede mecede merede nercedes mercedse mercdees merecdes mecredes mrecedes emrcedes ercedes new new pneu gnu nu knew mew nwe enw perkins perkins porkins pelkins perkns perkis purkins prkins pekins perins purkiegns perkeyns pelkeyns perkeigns porkeyns pelkeigns purkeyns porkeigns purkeigns perkiegns pelkiegns porkiegns pelkiegn perkin porkiegn pelkin purkiegn porkin purkin perkeign pelkeign porkeign purkeign perkiegn perk1ns perkims perkisn perknis perikns pekrins prekins eprkins erkins rebuilt rebuit rebuart lebuart rbuilt reuilt rebilt rebult rebuilt rebualt lebuilt lebualt rebuirt lebuirt rebuil rebuir lebuil lebuir rebual rebuar lebual lebuar rebu11t rebu1lt rebuitl rebulit rebiult reubilt rbeuilt erbuilt ebuilt used used sued usde uesd power combustion heat pressure gas temperature piston supercharger system systems speed hydrocarbon solid unit burn two stage electronic actuator computer daimler opel ford mitsubishi toyota chrysler hyundai bearings gear rod vibration glow plug isopropyl nitrate amyl torque cylinder cathedral catalytic converter octane boat ships naval aircraft for sale buy discount power power powher powel powhel powre poewr pwoer opwer combustion combustion combution combusion combustin combustiom combuschon combuschun cmbustion cobustion comustion combstion combuston combusshun combusshon combussion conbust1om conbustiom combustino combustoin combusiton combutsion combsution comubstion cobmustion cmobustion ocmbustion combustio ombustion heat heat hiat hat het heet heta haet ehat pressure pressure pessure prssure pressre pressue plesure pressule presule plessule plesule presure plessure plessor pressur presor plessur plesor presur pessur plesur prssur pressul pressr plessul presul plesul pressor pr3su3r presuer pressuer pressrue presusre prsesure perssure rpessure gas gas gsa ags temperature temperature tempelachule tempelachure tempurature tmperature temporachule temporachure tumpurature teperature tempulachure tempurachure tempuratere temerature chumperatule chumperature tumpuratere temprature chumpelature tempuratele tempeature chumporature tempulature temperture chumpurature tumpulature temperaure chumperatere tempulatere temperatre temperachule temperachure temperatue tumpelatule tumpelature tempelatere tumperature tumpelatere temperatere temporatele tumperatere temperatule temporature tumperatule tumporature temporatule temporatere tumporatule tumporatere tempelatule tempelature tenperatuer tenperature temperatuer temperatrue temperautre tempertaure tempearture tempreature temeprature tepmerature tmeperature etmperature temperatur emperature piston piton tipon tipun peton petun pyton pitun pytun piston pyston pistun pystun pison pyson pisun pysun p1ston pistom pistno pisotn pitson psiton ipston pisto pistn pston iston supercharger supursharge supecharge supercharge suppachalge suporsharge superharge suppasharge supershalge supercarge suppashalge supurshalge superchrge suporshalge superchage supacharge superchare supachalge supurcharge spercharge supasharge supurchalge suercharge supashalge supersharge suprcharge suppacharge suporcharge superchalge suporchalge supelcharge supelchalge supurshargir supurshalger superchalgir supurcharger suercharger suppasharger supashalger suporshargir suporshalger supurchalgir supurchalger suprcharger suppashalger supashargar supershalgir supurshargel suporchalgir supurchargel supecharger superchargar suppashargar supashargir supacharger suporshargel supelchargir supurchalgel superharger suporchargar suppashargir supercharger suppacharger supachalger supershargar supelchalgir supurchargar supercarger superchalgar suppachalger supachargar supurshargar supersharger supurchalgar superchrger suporchalgar suppachargar supachalgar suporshargar supursharger superchargir superchager supelchargar suppachalgar supachargir supershalgar suporsharger supurchargir supercharer supelchalgar suppachargir supachalgir supershargir supershalger suporchargir superchargr spercharger suppachalgir supasharger supelchalger suporchalgel system system sustum cistem cistum cystem cystum sustem sistem systum sistum systen systme sysetm sytsem ssytem ysstem syste systm sysem sytem sstem ystem systems system sustum cistem cistum cystem cystum sustem sistem systum sistum sistems systums sistums systems systes sstems sytems sysems systms cistems cistums cystems cystums sustems sustums systens systesm systmes sysetms sytsems ssytems ysstems ystems speed speed spead sped sp3d spede seped pseed hydrocarbon hydrocrbon hydrocarbon hydrocabon hydrocaron hydrocarbn hidrocarbon hdrocarbon hidrocalbon hyrocarbon hidlocarbon hydocarbon hidlocalbon hydrcarbon hydroarbon hydrocalbon hydlocarbon hydlocalbon hydrocarbom hydrocarbno hydrocarobn hydrocabron hydrocrabon hydroacrbon hydrcoarbon hydorcarbon hyrdocarbon hdyrocarbon yhdrocarbon hydrocarbo ydrocarbon solid solid sorid sloid soaledy sroid soldi soaledi soldy sordi sordy so11d sol1d soild oslid unit unit unet un1t umit unti uint nuit burn burn bearn beaun buln brun blun burm bulm beaum bunr ubrn two two tow to too toe wto stage stage staeg stgae satge tsage electronic electronic eletronic eelctrnic electric elecronic leectrnic eelctric electonic eerctrnic leectric electronc erectlonic eerctric erectric electroic erectroic eelctroic erectrnic leectroic eectronic eerctroic elctronic electrnic eelctroik electlonik leectroik eelctlonik erectroik leectlonik electrnik erectlonik eelctrnik electrik electronik leectrnik eelctrik eelctronik erectrnik leectrik leectronik erectrik erectronik electroik eerctronik leectloic electlik electloik eelctlic eelctloic electlnic erectlnic leectlnic electlnik eelctlnic electlic electloic erectlic erectloic leectlic eelctronic leectronic erectronic eerctronic electlonic eelctlonic leectlonic eerctlonic leectloni erectrni electroni electloi eelctloni leectrni erectroni erectloi electli eelctrni leectroni leectloi erectli electroi eelctroni eelctloi leectli erectroi electri eectroni eelctli leectroi erectri elctroni electlni eelctroi leectri eletroni erectlni electloni eelctri elecroni leectlni actuator actuator acchuitor atuator acchuitol actuater acchuitur actuiter acchuiter actuatur actuitur actuatr acchuator actuaor acchuatol actutor acchuatur actator acchuater acuator actuitor actuatol actuitol actuatro actuaotr actutaor actautor acutator atcuator catuator actuato ctuator computer computer compute cmputer coputer comuter compuer computr computur computel computor cmpute copute comute compte compue compught compter cmpter copter comter comper comptr comptur comptel comptor comppeder comppedel conputer conputre computre compuetr comptuer comupter copmuter cmoputer ocmputer omputer daimler dailer daimer daimler daimlr diamler daimelr diamelr daimlel diamlel dimler damler daimell diamell dymelr dimell dymell dymler dimlel dymlel dimelr da1n1er da1nler dainler dainlre daimlre dailmer damiler adimler daimle aimler opel opel ople oper ope1 oepl poel ford ford forred fold phord phold phorred frd phrd fodr frod ofrd mitsubishi mitsubsh mitsubish mitsubih mitsubysh metsubish metsubysh mtsubish misubish mitubish mitsbish mitsuish metsubyshy mtsubishi misubishi mitsubishi mitubishi mitsubyshi mitsbishi mitsubishy mitsuishi mitsubyshy mitsubshi metsubishi mitsubihi metsubyshi mitsubisi metsubishy n1tsub1sh1 nitsubishi mitsubisih mitsubihsi mitsubsihi mitsuibshi mitsbuishi mitusbishi mistubishi mtisubishi imtsubishi itsubishi toyota toyota toyoat toytoa tooyta tyoota otyota toyot toyoa toyta toota tyota oyota chrysler chryser chrysler chrysle crysrer chryslr chryselr chrysel clysrer chrysell chryslel chrysul crysrel clysler chrysrer chrysre clysrel cryslel chrysrel crysle cysler clyslel crysler chysle crsler cryselr chysler chrsle cryler clyselr chrsler chryle cryser crysell chryler chryse cryslr clysell chrys1er chryslre chrylser chrsyler chyrsler crhysler hcrysler hrysler hyundai hyundi hyundai hyundia hiundai hiundia hundai hyndai hyudai hyunai hyunda1 hyumdai hyunadi hyudnai hynudai huyndai yhundai hyunda yundai bearings bearing beeling bealiegnt baliegng bealeignt baleigng belint bariegnt beriegng bareignt bereigng beelint beriegnt beliegng bereignt beleigng biaring beeriegnt beeriegng beereignt beereigng bialing biariegnt beeliegng biareignt beeleigng biarint bearig bereiegnt biariegng bereeignt biareigng bialint bearng bialiegng beariegng bialeigng beareigng beaing bereiegng bealiegng bereeigng bealeigng beling beariegnt bariegng beareignt bareigng bereint bealing baring baling bering bealint beering balint bearint barint berint beerint bereing bealints beerings balints bearints barints berints beerints bereings bereints bealings barings balings berings bearings bearins bearigs bearngs beaings beelints beriegnts beliegngs bereignts beleigngs biarings beeriegnts beeriegngs beereignts beereigngs bialings biariegnts beeliegngs biareignts beeleigngs biarints bereiegnts biariegngs bereeignts biareigngs bialints gear gear gel geel giar gial gere geal gal gar ger geer gara gira gera gela egar egal gaer gael eger rod rod lod ord orred old rdo vibration vibration vbration viration vibation vibrtion vibraion vibratin vibratiom viblatiom viblasion vibraton vibrashun vibrashon viblation viblaton viblashun viblashon vibrasion v1brat1on vibratino vibratoin vibraiton vibrtaion vibartion virbation vbiration ivbration vibratio ibration glow glow grow g1ow glwo golw lgow plug plug prug p1ug plgu pulg lpug isopropyl 1sopropy1 1sopropyl isoproply isoproypl isoprpoyl isoporpyl isorpopyl isporopyl iospropyl siopropyl isopropy isopropl isoproyl isoprpyl isopopyl isoropyl ispropyl iopropyl sopropyl isopropyl nitrate netrate nitrate netlate netraght ntrate netlaght nirate nitate nitrte nitrae nitraght nitlaght nitlate n1trate mitrate nitraet nitrtae nitarte nirtate ntirate intrate nitrat itrate amyl amyl any1 anyl amly ayml mayl torque toque torque terque terqwe terkwe torqwe tolqwe torkwe tolque tolkwe toqwe tokwe torqeu toruqe toqrue troque otrque torqu torqe torue trque orque cylinder cylinder clinder cyinder cylnder cylider cyliner cylindr cylindar cylindel cy11nder cyl1nder cylindre cylimder cylinedr cylidner cylnider cyilnder clyinder yclinder cylinde ylinder cathedral cathedral cathedrl cathedal catheral cathdral catedral cahedral cthedral catehdral cathedrar catehdrar cathedlal catehdlal cathedlar catehdlar cathedra catheda cathera cathdra catedra cahedra cthedra catehdla catehdra cathedla cathedra1 cathedrla cathedarl catherdal cathderal cahtedral ctahedral acthedral athedral catalytic catalytic cetelitic catarytik catalytc cataritik catalyic catelytik cataltic catelitik cetalytic cataytic cetalytik cetalitic catlytic cetalitik cetarytic caalytic cetarytik cetaritic ctalytic cetelytic catalytik cetelytik catalitik cataritic catelytic catelitic catalitic catarytic cetelyti cateliti ceteliti catalyti ctalyti cataryti caalyti cetalyti catlyti cetaryti catayti cataliti catalti cetaliti catalyi catelyti cata1yt1c catalyt1c catalytci catalyitc cataltyic catayltic catlaytic caatlytic ctaalytic actalytic atalytic converter coverter converter conerter convrter conveter converer convertr cnverter convurtor convertor conveltor conburtor convertur convelter conveltur conburter conburtur convurter convurtur convertre comverter converetr convetrer convreter conevrter covnerter cnoverter ocnverter converte onverter octane octane octain octeine octame octaen octnae ocatne otcane cotane octan octae octne ocane otane ctane boat boat bota baot obat ships ships shyps sh1ps shisp shpis sihps hsips naval naval navel navahl navahr navar nava1 maval navla naavl nvaal anval aircraft aircraft aircrft aircaft airraft aicraft arcraft aircrat aircraphed ailclaphed ailcraphed iarclaphed iarcraphed airclaphed iarcraft airclaft iarclaft ailcraft ailclaft aircaf aircraf aircrf iarcraf airclaf iarclaf ailcraf ailclaf arcraf aicraf airraf a1rcraft aircratf aircrfat aircarft airrcaft aicrraft aricraft ircraft for for fro four fol fur fore phor phol flo fr fl phr ofr sale sale sael sare saul sail sa1e slae asle buy buy buie bye by byu uby discount dicount disount discunt discount discont discout dscount dyscount discoont dyscoont descount descoont discun discoun discon dyscoun descoun discoon dyscoon descoon dscoun dicoun disoun d1scount discoumt discoutn disconut discuont disocunt dicsount dsicount idscount iscount | detroit detrit detrot detroit dtroit deroit detoit ditroit ditloit detloit detroi ditroi detloi ditloi detro1t detroti detriot detorit dertoit dteroit edtroit etroit additives adetive additive additie additve addiive addtive addetive aditive addytive adytive aditives addytives adytives additives addtives addetives adetives additivs addities additves addiives ad1t1v3s ad1t1ves additivse additievs additvies addiitves addtiives adidtives daditives oil oil oir iol ior o11 o1l oli parts parts palts pards prats plats parst patrs aprts repair repair repare lepare repiar lepair lepiar repail lepail repa1r repari reapir rpeair erpair repai repar repir reair rpair epair fuel fuel fewel fule fuer fe1 phe1 fue1 feul ufel economy economy eonomy ecnomy ecoomy econmy econoy economie ecomomy econoym econmoy ecoonmy ecnoomy eocnomy ceonomy econom conomy filter filter philter filtor firtor fulter fultel fultor fultur filtur filtel firter firtur firtel filer phialr phiall fiell fulel fuler fielr filel firer firel f1ter ph1ter f11ter f1lter filtre filetr fitler fliter iflter filte filtr fiter flter ilter injection injection injecion injectin injectiom ijection inection injction injetion iegnjectiom eignjecsion iegnjecton eignjectiom eignjecton injecchon iegnjection injecchun iegnjecchon eignjection iegnjecchun eignjecchon iegnjecshon eignjecchun iegnjecshun eignjecshon iegnjecsion eignjecshun injecton injecshun injecshon injecsion injectio eignjectio iegnjectio ijectio inectio injctio injetio injecio injecto 1nject1on imjection injectino injectoin injeciton injetcion injcetion inejction ijnection nijection njection pump pump punp pupm pmup upmp generator generator ganelater geerator generatur genrator ganeratur geneator genelatur genertor ganelatur generaor generatr generater ganerater genelater gnerator giegnerater geignelatur ganerator giegnelater geignerater genelator geignelater ganelator giegnerator generatol giegnelator geignerator ganeratol giegneratol geignelator genelatol giegnelatol geigneratol ganelatol giegneratur geignelatol giegnelatur geigneratur gemerator generatro generaotr genertaor geneartor genreator geenrator gneerator egnerator generato enerator generators generator ganelater geerator generatur genrator ganeratur geneator genelatur genertor ganelatur generaor generatr generater ganerater genelater gnerator giegnerater geignelatur ganerator giegnelater geignerater genelator geignelater ganelator giegnerator generatol giegnelator geignerator ganeratol giegneratol geignelator genelatol giegnelatol geigneratol ganelatol giegneratur geignelatol giegnelatur geigneratur ganelatols ganerators genelators ganelators generatols ganeratols genelatols generators generatoars ganeratoars gnerators genelatoars geerators ganelatoars genrators generaters geneators ganeraters genertors genelaters generaors ganelaters generatrs generatos giegneratols geignelators giegnelatols geigneratols giegneratoars geignelatols giegnelatoars geigneratoars giegneraters geignelatoars giegnelaters geigneraters geignelaters giegnerators giegnelators geignerators gemerators generatosr generatros generaotrs genertaors geneartors genreators geenrators gneerators egnerators enerators injector injector ijector inector injctor injetor injecor injectr injecter injectur injectol 1njector imjector injectro injecotr injetcor injcetor inejctor ijnector nijector injecto njector injectors injector ijector inector injctor injetor injecor injectr injecter injectur injectol 1njectors injectors imjectors injectosr injectros injecotrs injetcors injcetors inejctors ijnectors nijectors injectos injectrs injecors injetors injctors inectors ijectors njectors motors motor motur motol moter motos motols motoes motous motors motoars moters mours mools moors mooars notors motosr motros mootrs mtoors omtors motrs mtors otors diesel dyesal diusal diesel diesal deisal dyesle dieser deiser dyeser diusel diusle deisel diuser diesle deisle dyesel diese dyese deise diuse d1ese1 d1esel dieesl diseel idesel diesl dieel disel desel iesel engine engine engein engeigne eigngeiegn engeeign iegngine engiegne iegngein engeiegn iegngeen eigngine iegngeigne eigngein iegngeeign eigngeen iegngiegne eigngeigne iegngeiegn eigngeeign engeen eigngiegne eigngiegn engin iegngin engen iegngen engan iegngan engeign iegngeign engiegn iegngiegn eigngin eigngen eigngan eigngeign eng1ne emgine engien engnie enigne egnine negine engie engne enine egine ngine performance performance perfolmenc performe perfomance purfolmence polformanc porforme perforance purfolmanse purformance pelforme performnce purforma purformence polforme performace purforme purformanse performenc performane purformenc purformense porformenc performa prformance purfromance perfromenc porforma peformance purfromence pelformenc pelforma perormance purfromanse pelfromanc polforma perfrmance purfolmance porfroma porfolmance porfrome porfolmence purfroma porfolma purfrome porfolme porfolmanse purfolma perfolma purfolme pelfolma perfroma perfolme perfrome pelfolme polformanse pelfromance porfromance performence polfromance pelfromence porfromence porformance pelfolmance pelfromanse perfromanse porformence pelfolmence perfolmance perfromense performanse pelfolmanse perfolmence porfromanse performense polformance pelformance porformanse polformence pelformence porformense perfolmanse pelformanse perfromance perfolmense pelformense perfromence purpholmanc porfromanc performanc prformanc purfromanc pelformanc peformanc perphormanc perfolmanc perormanc pelphormanc pelfolmanc perfrmanc pumps pumps punps pumsp pupms pmups upmps repair repair repare lepare repiar lepair lepiar repail lepail repa1r repari reapir rpeair erpair repai repar repir reair rpair epair tools tools touls toors tours tewels to1s toosl tolos otols tols valves valve vahrve vahlfe velve velfe vahlve vilve vilfe valfe varve varfe valves valfes varves varfes vahlves vahrves vahlfes velves velfes vaels vares vales alves alfes arves arfes vahres vahels veles vahles va1ves valvse valevs vavles vlaves avlves valvs vaves vlves industrial industrial industral industril idustrial inustrial indstrial indutrial indusrial industial iegndustleal iegndustrial eigndustriar industlial iegndustriar eigndustrail industlail iegndustrail eigndustrair industrair industliar iegndustrair eigndustreal industlair iegndustreal eigndustrear industreal iegndustrear eigndustlial industrear iegndustlial eigndustliar industleal iegndustliar eigndustlail industlear industrail iegndustlail eigndustleal eigndustrial industriar idustria eigndustlia industria inustria eigndustlai industrai indstria eigndustlea industrea indutria iegndustria industlia indusria iegndustrai industlai industia iegndustrea industlea industra iegndustlia eigndustria iegndustlai eigndustrai iegndustlea eigndustrea 1ndustr1a1 1ndustr1al imdustrial industrila industiral indusrtial indutsrial indsutrial inudstrial idnustrial nidustrial ndustrial marine marine maline mariegne maheeign maheigne maleeign mareeign maheiegn maleigne mahiegne mareigne maleiegn mahine mareiegn maliegne maleen maheen mareen maine manee main maein miane maeiegn maiegn maeigne maeeign maeign maiegne maeen marie mary maly mahei mahie mahy marei malie malei marin malin malan mariegn mahan maliegn mahiegn maheign mahin maren malen mahen mareign maran maleign marne mahne malne marny amriegn malieign malny amreiegn mahieign mahnie amriegne mariiegn marien mahnei amreign maliiegn malien mahny amreeign mahiiegn marein marnie amreigne malein malnie amrin mahien marnei amrein mahein malnei amrine marieign nar1me narime marime mairne mraine mrine arine mercedes mercedes merceeds melcedes melceeds mercdes mercees merceds morcedes morceeds mrcedes mecedes meredes mercde mercede mercee merceed melcede melceed morcede morceed mrcede mecede merede nercedes mercedse mercdees merecdes mecredes mrecedes emrcedes ercedes new new pneu gnu nu knew mew nwe enw perkins perkins porkins pelkins perkns perkis purkins prkins pekins perins purkiegns perkeyns pelkeyns perkeigns porkeyns pelkeigns purkeyns porkeigns purkeigns perkiegns pelkiegns porkiegns pelkiegn perkin porkiegn pelkin purkiegn porkin purkin perkeign pelkeign porkeign purkeign perkiegn perk1ns perkims perkisn perknis perikns pekrins prekins eprkins erkins rebuilt rebuit rebuart lebuart rbuilt reuilt rebilt rebult rebuilt rebualt lebuilt lebualt rebuirt lebuirt rebuil rebuir lebuil lebuir rebual rebuar lebual lebuar rebu11t rebu1lt rebuitl rebulit rebiult reubilt rbeuilt erbuilt ebuilt used used sued usde uesd power combustion heat pressure gas temperature piston supercharger system systems speed hydrocarbon solid unit burn two stage electronic actuator computer daimler opel ford mitsubishi toyota chrysler hyundai bearings gear rod vibration glow plug isopropyl nitrate amyl torque cylinder cathedral catalytic converter octane boat ships naval aircraft for sale buy discount power power powher powel powhel powre poewr pwoer opwer combustion combustion combution combusion combustin combustiom combuschon combuschun cmbustion cobustion comustion combstion combuston combusshun combusshon combussion conbust1om conbustiom combustino combustoin combusiton combutsion combsution comubstion cobmustion cmobustion ocmbustion combustio ombustion heat heat hiat hat het heet heta haet ehat pressure pressure pessure prssure pressre pressue plesure pressule presule plessule plesule presure plessure plessor pressur presor plessur plesor presur pessur plesur prssur pressul pressr plessul presul plesul pressor pr3su3r presuer pressuer pressrue presusre prsesure perssure rpessure gas gas gsa ags temperature temperature tempelachule tempelachure tempurature tmperature temporachule temporachure tumpurature teperature tempulachure tempurachure tempuratere temerature chumperatule chumperature tumpuratere temprature chumpelature tempuratele tempeature chumporature tempulature temperture chumpurature tumpulature temperaure chumperatere tempulatere temperatre temperachule temperachure temperatue tumpelatule tumpelature tempelatere tumperature tumpelatere temperatere temporatele tumperatere temperatule temporature tumperatule tumporature temporatule temporatere tumporatule tumporatere tempelatule tempelature tenperatuer tenperature temperatuer temperatrue temperautre tempertaure tempearture tempreature temeprature tepmerature tmeperature etmperature temperatur emperature piston piton tipon tipun peton petun pyton pitun pytun piston pyston pistun pystun pison pyson pisun pysun p1ston pistom pistno pisotn pitson psiton ipston pisto pistn pston iston supercharger supursharge supecharge supercharge suppachalge suporsharge superharge suppasharge supershalge supercarge suppashalge supurshalge superchrge suporshalge superchage supacharge superchare supachalge supurcharge spercharge supasharge supurchalge suercharge supashalge supersharge suprcharge suppacharge suporcharge superchalge suporchalge supelcharge supelchalge supurshargir supurshalger superchalgir supurcharger suercharger suppasharger supashalger suporshargir suporshalger supurchalgir supurchalger suprcharger suppashalger supashargar supershalgir supurshargel suporchalgir supurchargel supecharger superchargar suppashargar supashargir supacharger suporshargel supelchargir supurchalgel superharger suporchargar suppashargir supercharger suppacharger supachalger supershargar supelchalgir supurchargar supercarger superchalgar suppachalger supachargar supurshargar supersharger supurchalgar superchrger suporchalgar suppachargar supachalgar suporshargar supursharger superchargir superchager supelchargar suppachalgar supachargir supershalgar suporsharger supurchargir supercharer supelchalgar suppachargir supachalgir supershargir supershalger suporchargir superchargr spercharger suppachalgir supasharger supelchalger suporchalgel system system sustum cistem cistum cystem cystum sustem sistem systum sistum systen systme sysetm sytsem ssytem ysstem syste systm sysem sytem sstem ystem systems system sustum cistem cistum cystem cystum sustem sistem systum sistum sistems systums sistums systems systes sstems sytems sysems systms cistems cistums cystems cystums sustems sustums systens systesm systmes sysetms sytsems ssytems ysstems ystems speed speed spead sped sp3d spede seped pseed hydrocarbon hydrocrbon hydrocarbon hydrocabon hydrocaron hydrocarbn hidrocarbon hdrocarbon hidrocalbon hyrocarbon hidlocarbon hydocarbon hidlocalbon hydrcarbon hydroarbon hydrocalbon hydlocarbon hydlocalbon hydrocarbom hydrocarbno hydrocarobn hydrocabron hydrocrabon hydroacrbon hydrcoarbon hydorcarbon hyrdocarbon hdyrocarbon yhdrocarbon hydrocarbo ydrocarbon solid solid sorid sloid soaledy sroid soldi soaledi soldy sordi sordy so11d sol1d soild oslid unit unit unet un1t umit unti uint nuit burn burn bearn beaun buln brun blun burm bulm beaum bunr ubrn two two tow to too toe wto stage stage staeg stgae satge tsage electronic electronic eletronic eelctrnic electric elecronic leectrnic eelctric electonic eerctrnic leectric electronc erectlonic eerctric erectric electroic erectroic eelctroic erectrnic leectroic eectronic eerctroic elctronic electrnic eelctroik electlonik leectroik eelctlonik erectroik leectlonik electrnik erectlonik eelctrnik electrik electronik leectrnik eelctrik eelctronik erectrnik leectrik leectronik erectrik erectronik electroik eerctronik leectloic electlik electloik eelctlic eelctloic electlnic erectlnic leectlnic electlnik eelctlnic electlic electloic erectlic erectloic leectlic eelctronic leectronic erectronic eerctronic electlonic eelctlonic leectlonic eerctlonic leectloni erectrni electroni electloi eelctloni leectrni erectroni erectloi electli eelctrni leectroni leectloi erectli electroi eelctroni eelctloi leectli erectroi electri eectroni eelctli leectroi erectri elctroni electlni eelctroi leectri eletroni erectlni electloni eelctri elecroni leectlni actuator actuator acchuitor atuator acchuitol actuater acchuitur actuiter acchuiter actuatur actuitur actuatr acchuator actuaor acchuatol actutor acchuatur actator acchuater acuator actuitor actuatol actuitol actuatro actuaotr actutaor actautor acutator atcuator catuator actuato ctuator computer computer compute cmputer coputer comuter compuer computr computur computel computor cmpute copute comute compte compue compught compter cmpter copter comter comper comptr comptur comptel comptor comppeder comppedel conputer conputre computre compuetr comptuer comupter copmuter cmoputer ocmputer omputer daimler dailer daimer daimler daimlr diamler daimelr diamelr daimlel diamlel dimler damler daimell diamell dymelr dimell dymell dymler dimlel dymlel dimelr da1n1er da1nler dainler dainlre daimlre dailmer damiler adimler daimle aimler opel opel ople oper ope1 oepl poel ford ford forred fold phord phold phorred frd phrd fodr frod ofrd mitsubishi mitsubsh mitsubish mitsubih mitsubysh metsubish metsubysh mtsubish misubish mitubish mitsbish mitsuish metsubyshy mtsubishi misubishi mitsubishi mitubishi mitsubyshi mitsbishi mitsubishy mitsuishi mitsubyshy mitsubshi metsubishi mitsubihi metsubyshi mitsubisi metsubishy n1tsub1sh1 nitsubishi mitsubisih mitsubihsi mitsubsihi mitsuibshi mitsbuishi mitusbishi mistubishi mtisubishi imtsubishi itsubishi toyota toyota toyoat toytoa tooyta tyoota otyota toyot toyoa toyta toota tyota oyota chrysler chryser chrysler chrysle crysrer chryslr chryselr chrysel clysrer chrysell chryslel chrysul crysrel clysler chrysrer chrysre clysrel cryslel chrysrel crysle cysler clyslel crysler chysle crsler cryselr chysler chrsle cryler clyselr chrsler chryle cryser crysell chryler chryse cryslr clysell chrys1er chryslre chrylser chrsyler chyrsler crhysler hcrysler hrysler hyundai hyundi hyundai hyundia hiundai hiundia hundai hyndai hyudai hyunai hyunda1 hyumdai hyunadi hyudnai hynudai huyndai yhundai hyunda yundai bearings bearing beeling bealiegnt baliegng bealeignt baleigng belint bariegnt beriegng bareignt bereigng beelint beriegnt beliegng bereignt beleigng biaring beeriegnt beeriegng beereignt beereigng bialing biariegnt beeliegng biareignt beeleigng biarint bearig bereiegnt biariegng bereeignt biareigng bialint bearng bialiegng beariegng bialeigng beareigng beaing bereiegng bealiegng bereeigng bealeigng beling beariegnt bariegng beareignt bareigng bereint bealing baring baling bering bealint beering balint bearint barint berint beerint bereing bealints beerings balints bearints barints berints beerints bereings bereints bealings barings balings berings bearings bearins bearigs bearngs beaings beelints beriegnts beliegngs bereignts beleigngs biarings beeriegnts beeriegngs beereignts beereigngs bialings biariegnts beeliegngs biareignts beeleigngs biarints bereiegnts biariegngs bereeignts biareigngs bialints gear gear gel geel giar gial gere geal gal gar ger geer gara gira gera gela egar egal gaer gael eger rod rod lod ord orred old rdo vibration vibration vbration viration vibation vibrtion vibraion vibratin vibratiom viblatiom viblasion vibraton vibrashun vibrashon viblation viblaton viblashun viblashon vibrasion v1brat1on vibratino vibratoin vibraiton vibrtaion vibartion virbation vbiration ivbration vibratio ibration glow glow grow g1ow glwo golw lgow plug plug prug p1ug plgu pulg lpug isopropyl 1sopropy1 1sopropyl isoproply isoproypl isoprpoyl isoporpyl isorpopyl isporopyl iospropyl siopropyl isopropy isopropl isoproyl isoprpyl isopopyl isoropyl ispropyl iopropyl sopropyl isopropyl nitrate netrate nitrate netlate netraght ntrate netlaght nirate nitate nitrte nitrae nitraght nitlaght nitlate n1trate mitrate nitraet nitrtae nitarte nirtate ntirate intrate nitrat itrate amyl amyl any1 anyl amly ayml mayl torque toque torque terque terqwe terkwe torqwe tolqwe torkwe tolque tolkwe toqwe tokwe torqeu toruqe toqrue troque otrque torqu torqe torue trque orque cylinder cylinder clinder cyinder cylnder cylider cyliner cylindr cylindar cylindel cy11nder cyl1nder cylindre cylimder cylinedr cylidner cylnider cyilnder clyinder yclinder cylinde ylinder cathedral cathedral cathedrl cathedal catheral cathdral catedral cahedral cthedral catehdral cathedrar catehdrar cathedlal catehdlal cathedlar catehdlar cathedra catheda cathera cathdra catedra cahedra cthedra catehdla catehdra cathedla cathedra1 cathedrla cathedarl catherdal cathderal cahtedral ctahedral acthedral athedral catalytic catalytic cetelitic catarytik catalytc cataritik catalyic catelytik cataltic catelitik cetalytic cataytic cetalytik cetalitic catlytic cetalitik cetarytic caalytic cetarytik cetaritic ctalytic cetelytic catalytik cetelytik catalitik cataritic catelytic catelitic catalitic catarytic cetelyti cateliti ceteliti catalyti ctalyti cataryti caalyti cetalyti catlyti cetaryti catayti cataliti catalti cetaliti catalyi catelyti cata1yt1c catalyt1c catalytci catalyitc cataltyic catayltic catlaytic caatlytic ctaalytic actalytic atalytic converter coverter converter conerter convrter conveter converer convertr cnverter convurtor convertor conveltor conburtor convertur convelter conveltur conburter conburtur convurter convurtur convertre comverter converetr convetrer convreter conevrter covnerter cnoverter ocnverter converte onverter octane octane octain octeine octame octaen octnae ocatne otcane cotane octan octae octne ocane otane ctane boat boat bota baot obat ships ships shyps sh1ps shisp shpis sihps hsips naval naval navel navahl navahr navar nava1 maval navla naavl nvaal anval aircraft aircraft aircrft aircaft airraft aicraft arcraft aircrat aircraphed ailclaphed ailcraphed iarclaphed iarcraphed airclaphed iarcraft airclaft iarclaft ailcraft ailclaft aircaf aircraf aircrf iarcraf airclaf iarclaf ailcraf ailclaf arcraf aicraf airraf a1rcraft aircratf aircrfat aircarft airrcaft aicrraft aricraft ircraft for for fro four fol fur fore phor phol flo fr fl phr ofr sale sale sael sare saul sail sa1e slae asle buy buy buie bye by byu uby discount dicount disount discunt discount discont discout dscount dyscount discoont dyscoont descount descoont discun discoun discon dyscoun descoun discoon dyscoon descoon dscoun dicoun disoun d1scount discoumt discoutn disconut discuont disocunt dicsount dsicount idscount iscount