|
There
are 12,104 words on this page.
Find this page
fast. Type 1ytiruces in a searchbox
. (that's "security1" spelled backwards)
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Surveillance
is the monitoring of behavior. Systems surveillance is the process of monitoring
the behavior of people, objects or processes within systems for conformity
to expected or desired norms in trusted systems for security or social control.
Clinical
surveillance refers to the monitoring of diseases or public health–related
indicators (for example symptoms indicating an act of bioterrorism) by epidemiologists
and public health professionals.
Although
the word surveillance in French literally means "watching over",
the term is often used for all forms of observation or monitoring, not just
visual observation. Nevertheless, the all-seeing "eye in the sky"
is still a general icon of surveillance.
Surveillance in many modern cities and
buildings often uses closed-circuit television cameras. Although surveillance
can be a useful tool for law enforcement and security companies, many people
have concerns about the loss of privacy.
However,
surveillance also includes simple, relatively no- or low-technology methods
such as direct observation, observation with binoculars, postal interception,
or similar methods. Counter surveillance, inverse surveillance, sousveillance.
Surveillance is the art of watching over the activities of persons or groups
from a position of higher authority.
Surveillance
may be covert (without their knowledge) or overt (perhaps with frequent reminders
such as "we are watching over you"). Surveillance has been an intrinsic
part of human history. 
Sun
Tzu's The Art of War, written 2,500 years ago, discusses how spies should
be used against a person's enemies. However, modern electronic and computer
technology have given surveillance a completely new field of operation. Surveillance can be automated using computers,
and people leave extensive records that describe their activities.
Counter
surveillance is the practice of avoiding surveillance or making surveillance
difficult. Before computer networks, counter surveillance involved avoiding
agents and communicating secretly.
With recent developments — the Internet, increasing prevalence
of electronic security systems, and computer databases — counter surveillance
has grown in scope and complexity. Now counter surveillance involves everything
from knowing how to delete a file on a computer to avoiding becoming the target
of direct advertising agencies.
Inverse surveillance is the practice of reversalism
on surveillance, e.g., citizens photographing
police, shoppers photographing shopkeepers, and passengers photographing cab
drivers who usually have surveillance cameras in their cabs.
A
well-known example is George Haliday's recording of the Rodney King beating.
Inverse surveillance attempts to subvert the panoptic gaze of surveillance,
and often attempts to subvert the secrecy of surveillance through making the
inverse surveillance recordings widely available (in contrast to the usually
secret or restricted surveillance tapes).
Surveillance (a term coined by Steve Mann, a professor at the University of Toronto) is inverse surveillance that includes
the recording of an activity by a participant in the activity.
Recent
surveillance workshops such as Microsoft's Continuous Archival and Recording
of Personal Experience are evidence of a growing surveillance industry including
Microsoft (wearable cameras), Nokia, Hewlett Packard ("Casual Capture")
and many others. 
Clinical
surveillance is the monitoring of events (including, for example, the occurrences
of infectious diseases or chronic diseases) with a significant impact on public
health.
Increasingly, clinical surveillance is being used
to inform public policy in allocating health care resources and meeting patient
needs. As health care becomes increasingly
dependent on information systems and the use of clinical surveillance becomes
more widespread, privacy concerns may arise.
Patient-centeredness is a form of clinical surveillance in which
information is managed with equivalence and transparency. Equivalence is the
balance between surveillance and sousveillance. It has been suggested that
equivalence might better preserve the contextual integrity of veillance data.
Impact of
surveillance
The
greatest impact of computer-enabled surveillance is the large number of organizations
involved in surveillance operations. The state and security services still
have the most powerful surveillance systems, because they are enabled under the law.
However, today levels of state surveillance have increased, and
using computers, they are now able to draw together many different information
sources to produce profiles of persons or groups in society. Many large corporations
now use various form of "passive" surveillance
. 
This
is primarily a means of monitoring the activities of staff and for controlling
public relations. However, some large corporations actively use various forms
of surveillance to monitor the activities of activists and campaign groups
who may affect their operations. Many companies trade in information lawfully,
buying and selling it from other companies or local government agencies that
collect it.
Companies who wish to use it for marketing or advertising purposes
usually buy this data. Many small groups and individuals obtain personal information.
Some of this is for harmless purposes, but increasingly sensitive personal information is being obtained for criminal purposes,
such as credit card and other types of fraud.
Modern
surveillance cannot be totally avoided. However, non-state groups may employ
surveillance techniques against an organization, and some precautions can
reduce their success. Some states are also legally limited in how extensively
they can conduct general surveillance of people they have no particular reason
to suspect. Note: In all the forms of surveillance mentioned below, the issue
of patterns is important. 
Although in isolation a single piece of communications data seems
useless, when collected together with the communications data of other people
it can disclose a lot of information about organizational relationships, work
patterns, contacts and personal habits. The collection and processing of communications
data is largely automated using computers. See also Traffic analysis.
Telephones
and mobile telephones
The official and unofficial tapping of telephone
lines is widespread. The contracts
or licenses by which the state controls telephone companies means that they
must provide access for tapping lines to the security services and the police.
For mobile phones, the major threat is the collection of communications
data. These not only include information about the time and duration of the
call, but also from where the call was made and to whom.
These
data can be determined generally because the geographic communications cell
that the call was made in is stored with the details of the call. However,
it is also possible to get greater resolution of a person's location by combining
information from a number of cells surrounding the person's location.
Mobile phones are, in surveillance terms, a major
liability. This liability will only
increase as the new third-generation (3G) phones are introduced. This is because
the base stations will be located closer together.
Postal services
As more people use faxes and e-mail, the significance of the postal
system is decreasing. (This may not be the case in all countries, certainly
the case with international communications, but probably not local.) However,
interception of post is still very important to security services.
Surveillance
devices or "bugs"
Surveillance devices, or "bugs", are not really a communications
medium, but they are a device that requires a communications channel. A "bug"
usually involves a radio transmitter, but there are many other options for
carrying a signal; you can send radio frequencies through the main wiring
of a building and pick them up outside.
You can also pick up the transmissions from cordless
phones, and you can pick up the data
from poorly configured wireless computer networks or tune in to the radio
emissions of a computer monitor.
Bugs come in all shapes and sizes. The original purpose of bugs
was to relay sound. Today the miniaturization of electronics has progressed
so far that even TV pictures can be broadcast via bugs that incorporate miniature
video cameras (something made popular recently during TV coverage sports events,
etc.). The cost of these devices has dramatically fallen.
Computer surveillance
At
a basic level, computers are a surveillance target because large amounts of
personal information are stored on them. Anyone who can access or remove a
computer can retrieve information. If someone is able to install software
on a computer system, they can turn the computer into a surveillance device.
Computers can be tapped by a number of methods, ranging from the
installation of physical bugs or surveillance software to the remote interception
of the radio transmissions generated by the normal operation of computers.
Spy ware, a term coined by computer security expert Steve Gibson,
is often used to describe computer surveillance tools that are installed against
a user's will. High-speed Internet connections have made computers more vulnerable
than ever before.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Photography
Photography
is becoming more valuable as a means of surveillance. In recent years, there
has been a significant expansion in the level of stills and video photography
carried out at public demonstrations in many countries.
At the same time, there have been advances in closed circuit television (CCTV)
technology and computer image processing that enable digital images
taken from cameras to be matched with images stored in a database.
Photographs have long been collected as a form of evidence. However,
as protest and civil disobedience become an ever-greater liability to governments
and corporations, images are gathered not only as evidence for prosecution,
but also as a source of intelligence information. The collection of photographs
and video also has another important function — it scares people.
Closed-circuit
television
Closed-circuit
television (CCTV) — with which the picture is viewed or recorded, but
not broadcast — initially developed as a means of security for banks.
Today it has developed to the point where it is simple and inexpensive enough to be used in home security systems, and
for everyday surveillance.
The widespread use of CCTV by the police and governments has developed
over the last 10 years. In the UK, cities and towns across the country
have installed large numbers of cameras linked to police authorities.
The
justification for the growth of CCTV in towns is that it deters crime —
although there is still no clear evidence that CCTV reduces crime. The recent
growth of CCTV in housing areas also raises serious issues about the extent
to which CCTV is being used as a social control measure rather than simply
a deterrent to crime.
The development of CCTV in public areas,
linked to computer databases of people's pictures and identity, presents a
serious risk to civil liberties. Potentially you will not be able to meet
anonymously in a public place.
You
will not be able to drive or walk anonymously around a city. Demonstrations
or assemblies in public places could be affected, as the state would be able
to collate lists of those leading them, taking part, or even just talking
with protesters in the street.
Electronic trails
Modern
society creates large amounts of transaction data. In the past, this data
would be documented in paper records and would leave a "paper trail"
but today many of these records are electronic, resulting in an "electronic
trail" that is easily reconstructed through automated means.
Every
time you use a bank machine, pay by credit card, use a phone card, make a
call from home, or otherwise complete a recorded transaction you generate
an electronic record.
When aggregated and analyzed, this information can identify individual
behavior patterns that describe how you live and work. One way to protect
autonomy and individual freedom in a paper-based world is through anonymous
transactions, for example by using cash.
When
transactions are electronic, that anonymity may be lost. Today, large aggregations
of transaction information are assembled by marketing, credit reporting, and
other data aggregation companies in order to analyze consumer behavior to
determine how companies should manage their marketing or sales strategies,
or to assess counterparty "trust" for financial transaction.
These data sets are also sold to other companies or to government
agencies for additional use. The availability of large data sets of transaction
information facilitates the use of automated surveillance or analysis techniques
such as data mining to perform dataveillance.
Data
profiling of individuals
Data profiling in this context is the process
of assembling information about a particular individual in order to generate
a profile — that is, a picture
of their patterns and behavior (compare this use of the term data profiling
with that used in statistics or data management where data profiling is the
examination of information describing the data or data set itself).
Data profiling is used in security, law enforcement and
intelligence operations for a variety of applications — for example,
to assess "trust" for security clearances or to grant authorization
relating to a trusted system, or to identify or apprehend suspects or threats.
The
government is able to access information from third parties — for example,
banks, credit companies or employers, etc. — by requesting access informally,
by compelling access through the use of subpoenas or other procedures, or
by purchasing data from commercial data aggregators or data brokers.
Under United States v. Miller (1976), data held by third
parties is generally not subject to Fourth Amendment warrant requirements.
Private companies and private investigators can also generally access or purchase
data from these aggregators.
Information relating to any individual transaction
is easily available because it is
not generally highly valued in isolation; however, when many such transactions
are aggregated they can be used to assemble a detailed profile revealing the
actions, habits and preferences of the individual.
In the past, much information about individuals has been protected
by practical obscurity (a term used by Justice Stevens in his opinion in USDOJ
v. Reporters Committee, 1989). Practical obscurity refers to the practical
difficulty of aggregating or analyzing a large number of data points in different
physical locations.
In
addition, information was often transient and not easily available after the
fact. Further, even where data was available, correlation of paper-based records
was a laborious process.
Electronic,
particularly digital, record-keeping has undermined this practical obscurity
by making data easily available and potentially making aggregation and analysis
possible at significantly lower costs. 
Thus,
as more information becomes available in electronic form — for example,
as public records such birth, court, tax and other records are made available
online — the ability to
create very detailed data profiles increases and may raise concerns.
Identities
There are instances when we wish to hide our identity — to
remain anonymous — for a whole range of reasons. To eliminate this will
be a serious erosion of our civil liberties. This is possible as we move towards
the development of electronic identities. There are two aspects to this:
1.
Development of systems of credentials — where you carry a card or a document;
and
2.
Development of biometrics — where you are recognized from your unique
biological characteristics.
The
development of identity systems is being pushed on two fronts:
1.
The banking industry,
who wish to find a more fool-proof system of verifying financial transactions
than the possession of a plastic card or the use of a signature;
2. Law enforcement, who want a way
of identifying individuals easily, even if they have no reason (i.e. evidence)
to do so.
One
of the simplest forms of identification is the carrying of credentials. Some
countries have an identity card system to aid identification.
Other documents, such as driver's licenses, library cards, bankers
or credit cards are also used to verify identity. The problem with identity
based on credentials is that the individual must carry them, and be identifiable,
or face a legal penalty.
This problem is compounded if the form of the identity
card is "machine-readable," usually using an encoded magnetic stripe
that corroborates the subjects identifying data. 
In
this case it may create a document trail as it is used to verify transactions, like, for instance, swiping
an ID card before entering a night club or bar to confirm age and possibly
aid police in case of a criminal incident on the premises.
As a means of combating the problem of people carrying or falsifying
credentials, researchers are increasingly looking at biometrics — measuring
biological or physical characteristics — as a way to determine identity.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
One
of the oldest forms of biometrics is fingerprints. Every finger of every person
(identical twins included) has a unique pattern, and these have been used
for many years to help identify suspects in police inquiries.
A
finger/thumb print can be reduced to a brief numeric description, and such
systems are being used in banks and secure areas to verify identity.
However,
it should be noted that as of 2006, electronic fingerprint readers are subject to high error rates, misidentifying
individuals as frequently as one time in ten. A more recent development is
DNA fingerprinting, which looks
at some of the major markers in the body's DNA to produce a match.
However,
the match produced is less accurate than ordinary fingerprints because it
only identifies people to a certain probability of matching. Further, identical
twins have identical DNA, and so are indistinguishable by this method.
Handwriting — primarily one's signature — has been used
for many years to determine identity. However, other characteristics of the
individual can also be used to check identity.
Voice analysis has been used for some as a means to
prove identity, but it is not suited to portable use because of the problems
of storing a range of voiceprints.
However,
perhaps the two most viable portable systems, because identities can be reduced
to a series of numeric data points rather than a detailed image or sound,
are:
1.
Iris recognition. Some banks
are now using this method of security. The human iris has a unique
pattern that can be reduced to a simple series of numeric descriptions. The
iris reader matches the pattern of the iris to one stored and verifies the
match.
2. Facial recognition. The configuration of the facial features
can be used to accurately identify one individual from another. Again, the
configuration can be reduced to a short numeric description.
By combining some form of personal identifying feature, with a
system of verification it is possible to do everything from buying food to
traveling abroad.
The
important issue is how this information is managed in order to reduce the
likelihood of tracking. If you were to combine a particular biometric system
with new smart card technology to store the description, that system would
be immune from tracking (unless the transaction produced a document/electronic
trial).
However,
if the identifying features are stored centrally, and a whole range of systems
have access to those descriptions, it is possible that other uses could be
made of the data; for example, using high resolution CCTV images with a databases
of facial identities in order to identify people at random.
Human operatives and social engineering
The most invasive form of surveillance is the
use of human operatives. This takes two forms:
1.
The use of operatives to infiltrate an organization; and
2.
The use of social engineering techniques to obtain information.
In
groups dealing with issues that are directly contrary to government policy
the issue of infiltration often arises. In addition, where groups oppose large
corporations, infiltration by agents of the corporation may occur.
As
well as operatives, the police and security services may put pressure on certain
members of an organization to disclose the information they hold on other
members.
Running operatives is very expensive,
and for the state, the information recovered from operatives can be obtained
from less problematic forms of surveillance. If discovered, it can also be
a public relations disaster for the government or corporation involved.
For these reasons, the use of operatives to infiltrate organizations
is not as widespread as many believe. However, infiltration is still very
likely from other organizations who are motivated to discover and monitor
the work of campaign groups.
This
may be for political or economic motivations. There are also many informal
links between large corporations and police or security services, and the
trading of information about groups and activists is part of this relationship.
It
is not possible to guard against the infiltration of an organization without
damaging the viability or effectiveness of the organization. Worrying too
much about infiltration within the organization can breed mistrust and bad
working relationships within an organization. Rather like other forms of surveillance,
the professional infiltration of operatives into an organization is difficult
to guard against.
Another
more likely scenario, especially when dealing with third-party collections
agencies or banks seeking debt payment, as well as the media or corporate public relations, is
social engineering, also known as "pretexting."
This involves the inquiring agent phoning or physically talking
to the subject in a way as to make him believe they are someone else, or someone
with an innocuous interest in the subject.
The
inquirer's real, clandestine interest is to obtain some specific information
that they believe the subject possesses. This form of information gathering
is most often used, on a regular basis, by financial operatives pursuing delinquent
debts. In order to avoid disclosing sensitive information to undesirable third
parties, precautions may be taken.
One should not disclose sensitive information
over the telephone or in person to unverified third parties. Social engineering may be identified by asking a
series of questions to see if the inquirer is aware of facts or future plans
that they should not be aware of.
In
case the inquirer claims to represent a familiar financial institution or
other "trusted" organization, one may ask for a number to call back,
which may then be verified, either through a phone directory or organization
web site.
Journalists for well known media organization can be verified
by phoning the editor of that organization, but freelance or independent journalists
should be treated with care — they could be working for anyone.
In
case one is member of certain organizations, such as activist groups, a balance
between privacy and accessibility is often necessary, especially when running
a public campaign. This often requires a security policy for dealing with
media and other inquiries.
Personal
counter-surveillance
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Counter-surveillance is reliant on good information
security planning. Protecting information is the first stage of counter-surveillance.
But counter surveillance must also be seen as a balancing of opposing objectives.
If you are very good at restricting all information, that state
or corporations will have problems monitoring you. However, you are also likely
to become more isolated and secretive in the process. 
Therefore,
like information security, counter surveillance requires an effort to protect
those activities or information that are sensitive, while giving less emphasis
to those activities that can be open to all.
Information security is primarily based on protecting equipment
with security procedures and barriers. Personal counter-surveillance is based
on much the same process, but instead you provide security and barriers around
your own personal habits. As humans we are creatures
of habit.
If
we exhibit very predictable habits, this makes monitoring of our activities
easier. But if on certain occasions we break our habits, it can also give away the fact that we are doing something
at that time which is not part of our everyday work.
The best way to begin thinking about
avoiding surveillance is to think about breaking the regular patterns in your
life. This masks regular activity, so making it harder to practice routine
surveillance.
But it also masks the times when you may undertake activities out
of the ordinary. Breaking regular patterns does not mean going to bed at different
times, or working different hours everyday. Instead it requires that any activities
you wish to avoid being the subject of surveillance are integrated into the
other events in your life — but not to the extent that they become predictable.
If you change the route you take to work or to
shop on a random basis, you make it more difficult to monitor your movements.
If you build irregular appointments into activities that might involve surveillance,
it creates a background "noise" in the pattern of your activities
that masks any change in your habits. Securing the information on your computer
will help your overall security.
If
you have a portable computer you are presented with a whole new problem because
you move that system outside of your ordinary systems of security and access
barriers. Therefore special care should be taken with portable computers:
The
system should be secured with a BIOS password to prevent booting;
Use
encryption of the hard disk, where possible, to prevent access to the contents
of the hard disk if it is removed from the machine;
Ensure
that your portable computer has different passwords than those used on your
static equipment.
Securing
your information is fairly easy. But the main issue you will have to deal
with when considering personal surveillance is how to carry out meetings,
and networking with people, when you need to discuss sensitive issues.
Primarily,
when dealing with sensitive information, avoid generating any kind of documentation or opportunities for surveillance.
Think about implementing the following as part of your work:
If you are traveling to a sensitive meeting take a different route
going there and coming back, and if possible do not use the same bus or station
when going to or leaving the location you are traveling to. This lessens the
likelihood that your destination will be identified.
If
traveling on sensitive business, try to use public transport. Using you own
private cars will provide a traceable identity.
To avoid the CCTV systems in public places move with the crowd;
don't rush, don't cut corners, and don't look around for CCTV cameras.
If you can build in other events/appointments as part of your journey,
that will help provide an alternate motive for traveling to that area of a
town or city.
Facial recognition systems work primarily on the
configuration of facial features. To work they need to get a good view of the face.
Looking at a slight angle towards the ground, and wearing a hat with a brim,
helps fool the system.
If
you travel using public transport, roaming tickets are preferable to tickets
for a specific journey — they give you more flexibility over the route,
and they are more difficult to associate a route traveled with a particular
ticket purchase.
If you have the time available and you can obtain a roaming ticket,
build in some extra time to your journey and change trains to make it hard
to piece together your journey from CCTV and surveillance sources.
If traveling in a town, avoid moving through the major shopping
areas, or "controlled environments" such as shopping centers. These
have the highest level of CCTV coverage.
Always
assume that public transport vehicles have CCTV installed — traveling
during peak hours will help mask your presence.
To
make following you in person or via CCTV more difficult do not wear distinctive
clothes or carry distinctive objects — blend in.
Darkness
aids anonymity, but is not a foolproof solution to the latest CCTV cameras
that can see in the dark.
If in doubt, turn it off. Better yet, remove the battery or leave the phone
in a place far enough away or contained so that if its microphone is remotely
activated, it won't be able to pick up your conversation.
If
traveling to a sensitive location, in urban areas do not use your phone within
two or three miles of the location, or in rural areas do not use it within
ten or fifteen miles of the location. This will prevent the creation of a
trail that associates you with that location on that day.
If
the location you are going to is nowhere near a route you regularly travel,
turn off your phone before you start your journey there.
However, do not always go to places far from your home. A truly
random sequence will include clustering. If you are always going locations
far from your home, they can be able to back track you to your home or office
based on the locations you are avoiding.
If
you desperately need to mask your location, let someone else carry your phone
around for the day — but this is only realistic if you take all precautions
to prevent generating other document trails while you are moving around.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Payments —
If
you are traveling to a sensitive location, don't pay by credit/debit card
or take money from a cash machine.
If
you need to spend cash when traveling to/working around a sensitive location,
do not spend the notes taken directly from
the cash machine (their sequential numbers may be logged). Keep a supply
of notes received as change elsewhere and use those.
If
you need to buy something when traveling to/working around a sensitive location,
do not give any loyalty cards or personalized money-off tokens as part of
your purchases — they are traceable.
If you need to make a sensitive phone call that must not be directly
associated with you, do so from a public phone box. But beware, if you are
associated with the person at the other end of the call, and the content of
their calls (rather than just the data) is being monitored, your location
at that date and time will be discovered.
If
using public phone boxes, try to use them randomly across an area rather than
the ones that are closest to you. Also, try to avoid phone boxes on direct
transport routes to your home or place of work.
If
you wish to send something sensitive through the post, wear gloves to prevent
creating fingerprints when producing/packing the item, do not lick the envelope
or stamps to prevent creating a DNA sample, and post it in
a different location to where you normally post your letters (the further
the better) using stamps bought on a different day.
If
you print something, use a printer that can not be traced back to you. With
printer steganography it may be possible to find out when, and where a document
was printed.
If you need to send a sensitive fax, use a copy
shop/bureau that has a self-service desk.
If
you desperately need to keep in communication, buy a pay-as-you-go mobile
phone and only use it for a day or two while you are engaged in sensitive
work.
Maintain a number of alternate personas on the Internet that give
you access to web mail and other services should you ever need to use them.
 If you need to use the Internet, use a public access
point, such as a cybercafé, a public library that doesn't require an ID, or
a college computer lab that doesn't require an ID. Make sure that you do not
access your own Internet services from the cybercafé — use an alternate
persona.
If
you need to view material that you do not wish to be associated with as part
of the server logs of your Internet service provider, use a cybercafé.
If
you use cybercafés as part of your communications, try not to use the same
one.
If you have a laptop computer, and you wish to mask your location,
let someone you trust use it online while you are away on sensitive work.
When
organizing a private meeting, if you cannot send details to all involved in
ways that will not be intercepted always try to agree on meeting in one location
near to the meeting place.
You
can then direct people to the correct location as they arrive. By keeping
the location of a private meeting limited, you lessen the likelihood of the location being surveilled.
If
meeting in the home or building of another person or organization do not make
a phone call from their phone to a number that is identified with you, or
from a public phone box near to that building.
If the people going to a private meeting are likely to have mobile
phones, ask them to turn them off before traveling to the meeting place (if
all the mobile phones of a groups of people are in the same cell at the same
time on the same day, it can be assumed that you have had a meeting).
If you require a private meeting place, do not keep using the
same one. Alternate it as much as possible. Also, if you meet in a public
place, pick somewhere with a high level of background noise, and with as many
obstacles or partitions around the point where you meet, to prevent your conversations
being overheard.
If
you must pay for something while having a meeting, use cash. Or, if you cannot,
get one person to pay. In this way you will not generate paper trails linking
you together.
 Meeting
in public spaces, streets, in parks, or on public transport is not a good
idea — many of these areas are
surveilled by CCTV. But bars, cafes and restaurants tend not have their CCTV
systems linked to a central control room, and what CCTV systems are installed
are concentrated around the till.
All
forms of technical counter surveillance are achieved through the use or implementation
of Technical Surveillance Counter Measures or TSCM. These measures apply equally for the worried individual
as to the diligent corporation. Corporate Espionage is on the increase, and
because of this it is an ever-increasing threat in day to day life and business.
Natural surveillance
Natural
surveillance is a term used in "Crime Prevention Through Environmental
Design" (CPTED) and "Defensible Space" models for crime prevention.
These models rely on the ability to influence offender decisions
preceding criminal acts. Research into criminal behavior demonstrates that
the decision to offend or not to offend is more influenced by cues to the
perceived risk of being caught than by cues to reward or ease of entry.
Consistent with this research CPTED based strategies emphasize
enhancing the perceived risk of detection and apprehension.
Natural
surveillance limits the opportunity for crime by taking steps to increase
the perception that people can be seen. Natural surveillance occurs by designing
the placement of physical features, activities and people in such a way as
to maximize visibility and foster positive social interaction.
Potential offenders feel increased scrutiny and
limitations on their escape routes. It is typically free of cost; however its effectiveness
to deter crime varies with the individual offender.
Jane
Jacobs, North American editor, urban activist, urban planning critic, and
author of The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), formulated the
natural surveillance strategy based on her work in New York's Greenwich
Village. Natural surveillance is
naturally occurring.
As people are moving around an area, they will be able to observe
what is going on around them, provided the area is open and well lit. Supporting
a diversity of uses within a public space is highly effective.
Other
ways to promote natural surveillance include low landscaping, street lights,
street designs that encourage pedestrian use, removing hiding and lurking
places, and placing high risk targets, such as expensive or display items,
in plain view of legitimate users, such as near a receptionist or sales clerk.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
 Included in the design are features that maximize
visibility of people, parking areas and building entrances: doors and windows that look out on to streets
and parking areas, see-through barriers (glass brick walls, picket
fences), pedestrian-friendly sidewalks and streets, and front porches.
Designing
nighttime lighting is particularly important: uniform high intensity "carpet"
lighting of large areas is discouraged, especially where lights glare into
(and discourage) observers’ eyes.
In its place is feature lighting that draws the observer's focus
to access control points and potential hiding areas. Area lighting is still
used, but with shielded and cut-off luminaries to control glare. Light sources
are typically placed lower to the ground, at a higher density, and with lower
intensity than the lighting it is designed to replace.
Any
architectural design that enhances the chance that a potential offender will
be, or might be, seen is a form of natural surveillance. Often, it is not
just the fact that the offender might be seen that matters. It is that the
offender "thinks" they will be seen that can help deter the opportunity
for crime.
The best surveillance cameras are the IP based models, such as
those by Panasonic. These cameras are plug and play--just them into any network
jack. They do not require configuring. Plus, many of these cameras support
pan/tilt and zoom so you can control them through the Orbiter.
If you have the regular analog cameras you will
need to add a video capture board to your Core, and then attach the cameras to it. In that case,
add the video capture board on the 'interface' page, and then add all the
surveillance cameras on this page, specifying that they are 'controlled by'
the video capture board.
There
are also several settings for each camera. For save video, you can choose
"All the time", meaning Pluto will constantly record the video from
the camera and save it on the Core.
This can take up quite a bit of hard disk space,
though. Normally you would choose "Only when motion is detected".
This way Pluto will only save the video when it detects there is movement,
or something is changing. If you choose "Don't capture", then you
will still be able to view the cameras live, but Pluto will not keep an archive.
If you do want an archive, be sure to indicate how many days you
want Pluto to keep the archive. The default is 10, meaning Pluto will erase
any video archive that is more than 10 days old to free up space on the Core.
If
you are running out of disk space on the Core you can reduce this number so
there is not so much space taken up with video archives. There are three types
of cameras you can use:
1. Cameras you connect directly to a PC, such as webcam's, analog
cameras connected to a video capture card, and USB cameras
2. IP Based cameras you connect to the home network
3. Proprietary, stand alone camera systems which have their own
master controller or interface which the cameras are connected to.
#3 requires a custom Pluto device. In PlutoAdmin choose Wizard,
Devices, Interfaces and add the interface device,
then add the cameras in Wizard, Devices, and Surveillance cameras.
#1
also requires an interface device. Pluto includes the device "Motion
Wrapper", which is a wrapper for the open source project 'motion', and
will be the interface device.
In
PlutoAdmin choose Wizard, Devices, Interfaces and
add the device "Motion Wrapper" which is in the category "Surveillance
Video Interfaces".
Then
in Pluto Admin go to Wizard, Devices, Surveillance Cameras and for each camera,
both analog cameras you connect to a capture board, as well as USB cams and web cams, add a device "Generic Camera"
which you will find in the category "Peripherals", "Surveillance
Cameras", and choose the motion wrapper as the "Controlled Via"
device.
For each camera you will need to specify a number
in the parameter "Port/Channel Number". If you have only 1 camera, it's easy; put a 1. If
you have several cameras connected to a single multi-port capture card, the
number for each camera should correspond to the port number on the card. However,
if you have a mixture it may require some experimenting to see which camera
gets mapped to which port.
For example, if you have two 4-port capture cards, and you call
the 8 cameras "Cams 1-8", and 1 USB camera, which you call "Living
Room cam" cam, there will be a total of 9 cameras.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
The
order is determined by the drivers. Normally USB cameras come first. So try giving the USB camera "Living Room cam" a port 1, and
then the 4 cameras on the first capture card port #2-5, and the 4 cameras
on the second capture card #6-9.
Later
when you are viewing the cameras if you find the port numbers are incorrect
you may need to re-arrange them. If, for example, you go to view the camera
you called "Living Room Cam" and see that it is really showing you
another camera, go back and change the port parameter until each camera is
correct.
#2,
IP cameras, are the best. They are the simplest and often have the most features,
such as pan, tilt and zoom. They do not require an interface device. Most
are also plug and play.
Try just plugging the camera.
If you see a message on all the Orbiters that your camera was detected, that's
all there was to it. If not, then in Pluto Admin go to "Wizard",
"Devices", "Surveillance Cameras" and add the camera from
the category "Peripherals", "Surveillance Cameras" and
make the Controlled Via device be the Core.
If your model is not shown, you will have 2 choices. One is to
create a GSD device for it. This will give you full control over all the cameras
features, but requires some technical skills.
The
second possibility is to add the "Motion Wrapper" interface, and
add the camera as a "Generic Camera" as described in the prior paragraph.
The only difference is that you will put the IP address of the camera in the
IP box. Then the Motion Wrapper knows it's an IP camera.
Note that even if your model is specifically listed and you don't
use the Generic Camera device, you can still choose Motion Wrapper as the
"Controlled Via" if you want Motion Wrapper to monitor the camera.
The Motion Wrapper device is very simple.
It simply scans all
the child devices, which are assumed to be cameras, and puts them all in the motion config. If the camera has an
ip address, it's assumed to be an IP camera. If not, then it is /dev/video
[port] where port is the parameter specified for the camera.
The
Orbiters and the Security Plug-in send a "Get Video Frame" command
when they need to view the camera.
If
the camera uses the device template "Generic Camera", then when
an Orbiter or the Security Plug-in sends the command it will go to Motion
Wrapper, since Generic Camera does not implement DCE. Motion Wrapper just
sends a signal to motion and returns the frame.
If the camera does not use the template Generic Camera, but rather
uses a device template that does Implement DCE, such as "Panasonic IP
Camera", then this means a separate device will be spawned for this camera,
and that device will handle the "Get Video Frame" itself since it
implements DCE.
It won't use motion. If the "Controlled Via" is the
Motion Wrapper then motion will still monitor it, since when motion starts
it writes all child devices into motion's configuration file.
There's
no two ways about it: the British love their security. And when it comes to
employing technology for keeping the streets clean (and Segway-free!)
and the terrorists squirreled away, the Brits put the rest of the world to
shame, what with their four million CCTV cams (some with mic's and
speakers, but no aggression detectors -- yet), head-mounted
bobby cams, rolling license plate scanners, and heck, even their
camera-watching cameras.
So
it should come as no surprise that the government's latest idea for ensuring
total citizen compliance putting safety first involves the deployment of security
cams that have the ability to see through people's clothing, among other high-tech
surveillance devices normally confined to your favorite airport.
According to a leaked memo supposedly seen by The Sun -- they of
the journalistically-dubious "Page 3" -- Home Office officials presented
Tony Blair's working group on Security, Crime and Justice with a proposal
to install what are technically known as "perv cams" to facilitate
the detection of weapons and explosives at strategic locations around the
UK, along with millimeter wave imaging and THz imaging and spectroscopy systems.
The
Sun's George Pascoe-Watson goes on to note that proponents of the plan are
aware of the likely public backlash
over such a Sliver-esque scenario, which is why some officials have suggested
that only females be allowed to monitor the "dirty" feeds; whew,
what a relief -- women would certainly never abuse a power like this for personal
gratification.
Anyway, we're not putting much stock in what is little more than
a rumored pitch to a bunch of bureaucrats at this point, so it's probably
okay to put away those lead-lined Jockey's for the time being. Closed-circuit
television (CCTV) is the use of video cameras to transmit a signal to a specific,
limited set of monitors.
It
differs from broadcast television in that the signal is not openly
transmitted, though it may employ point to point wireless links. CCTV is often
used for surveillance in areas which need security, such as banks,
casinos, and airports or military installations.
Increasing use of CCTV in public places
has caused debate over public security versus privacy. In industrial
plants, CCTV equipment may be used to observe parts of a process that are
remote from a control room, or where the environment is not comfortable for
humans. CCTV systems may operate continuously or only as required to monitor
a particular event. History
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
The first CCTV system was installed at Test Stand VII in Peenemünde in 1942, for observing
the launch of V2-rockets. CCTV recording systems are often used at launch
sites to record the flight of the rockets, in order to find the possible causes
of malfunctions.
Film
cameras are also used for this purpose. Larger rockets are often fitted with
CCTV allowing pictures of stage separation to be transmitted back to earth
by radio link. CCTV is also used to observe the launch pad before the launch,
especially when no person may be there, because of safety reasons.
Industrial processes
Industrial
processes which take place under conditions dangerous for humans are today often supervised by CCTV.
These are mainly processes in the chemical industry, the interior of reactors
or facilities for manufacture of nuclear fuel. The usage of CCTV at such processes
is sometimes required by law.
Crime
prevention and detection
CCTV for use outside government special facilities was developed
as a means of increasing security in banks. Today it has developed to the
point where it is simple and inexpensive enough to be used in home security
systems, and for surveillance. Surveillance of public areas in the United Kingdom by CCTV was developed partly in response
to IRA bombings.
Experiments
in the UK during the 1970s and 1980s (including outdoor CCTV
in Bournemouth in 1985), led to several larger trial programs in
the early 1990s.
These were deemed successful in the government report "CCTV:
Looking Out For You", issued by the Home Office in 1994, and paved the
way for a massive increase in the number of CCTV systems installed.
Today,
systems cover most town and city centers, and many stations, car-parks and
estates. The exact number of CCTV cameras in the UK is not known but a 2002
working paper by Michael McCahill and Clive Norris of UrbanEye, based on a
small sample in Putney High Street, "guesstimated" the number of
surveillance cameras in private premises in London is around 400,000 and the
total number of cameras in the UK is around 4,000,000. The UK has one camera for every 14 people.
Claims
that they reduce or deter crime have not been clearly borne out by independent
studies; though the government claims that when properly used they do result
in deterrence, rather than displacement. One clear effect that has been noted is a reduction of car crime when used in
car parks.
Cameras
have also been installed in taxis to deter violence against drivers, and also
in mobile police surveillance vans. In some cases CCTV cameras have become
a target of attacks themselves. Middlesborough council has recently installed
"Talking CCTV" cameras in their busy town-centre.
The
use of CCTV in the United States is less common, though increasing, and generally
meets stronger opposition. In 1998 3,000 CCTV systems were found in New York City. There are 2,200 CCTV systems in Chicago.
The most measurable effect of CCTV is not on crime prevention,
but on detection and prosecution. Several notable murder cases have been solved
with the use of CCTV evidence, notably the Jamie Bulger case, and catching
David Copeland, the Soho nail bomber. The use of CCTV to track
the movements of missing children is now routine.
After the bombings of London on 7 July 2005, CCTV footage was used to identify the bombers. The media was
surprised that few tube trains actually had CCTV cameras, and there were some
calls for this to be increased.
On
July 22, Jean Charles de Menezes was shot dead by police at Stockwell tube
station. CCTV footage has debunked some police claims. [9] Because of the
follow-up bombing attempts the previous day, some of the tapes had been supposedly
removed from CCTV cameras for study, and they were not functional. [10] The
use of DVR technology may solve this problem.
Monitoring
for safety
A
CCTV system may be installed where an operator of a machine cannot directly
observe people who may be injured by unexpected machine operation. For example,
on a subway train, CCTV cameras may allow the operator to confirm that people
are clear of doors before closing
them and starting the train.
Operators
of an amusement park ride may use a CCTV system to observe that people are
not endangered by starting the ride. A CCTV camera and dashboard monitor can
make reversing a vehicle safer, if it allows the driver to observe objects
or people not otherwise visible.
Closed Circuit Digital Photography (CCDP)
A development in the world of CCTV (October 2005) is in the use
of megapixel digital still cameras that can take 1600 x 1200 pixel resolution
images of the camera scene either on a time lapse or motion detection basis.
Images taken with a digital still camera have higher resolution
than those taken with a typical video camera. Relatively low-cost digital
still cameras can be used for CCTV purposes, using CCDP software that controls
the camera from the PC.
Images
of the camera scene are transferred automatically to a computer every few
seconds. Images may be monitored remotely if the computer is connected to
a network.
Closed
Circuit Digital Photography (CCDP) is more suited for capturing and saving
recorded photographs, whereas Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) is more suitable
for live monitoring purposes.
Traffic monitoring
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Many cities and motorway networks have extensive
traffic-monitoring systems, using closed-circuit television to detect congestion
and notice accidents.
The
London congestion charge is enforced by cameras positioned
at the boundaries of and inside the congestion charge zone, which automatically
read the registration plates of cars. If the driver does not pay the charge
then a fine will be imposed. Similar systems are being developed as a means
of locating cars reported stolen.
Privacy
Opponents
of CCTV point out the loss of privacy of the people under surveillance, and
the negative impact of surveillance on civil liberties. Furthermore, they
argue that CCTV displaces crime, rather than reducing it. Critics often dub
CCTV as "Big Brother surveillance", a reference to George Orwell's
novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, which featured a two-way telescreen in every home
through which The Party would monitor the populace.
The
recent growth of CCTV in housing areas also raises serious issues about the
extent to which CCTV is being used as a social control measure rather than
simply a deterrent to crime.
Quite apart from government-permitted use (or abuse), questions
are also raised about illegal access to CCTV recordings. The Data Protection
Act 1998 in the United Kingdom led to legal restrictions on the uses
of CCTV recordings, and also mandated their registration with the Data Protection
Agency.
The
successor to the DPA, the Information Commissioner in 2004 clarified that
this required registration of all CCTV systems with the Commissioner, and
prompt deletion of archived recordings. However subsequent case law (Durant
vs. FSA) has limited the scope of the protection provided by this law, and
not all CCTV systems are currently regulated. [12]
In the United States there are no such data protection mechanisms.
It has been questioned whether CCTV evidence is allowable under the Fourth
Amendment which prohibits "unreasonable searches and seizures".
The courts have generally not taken this view.
In
Canada the use of video surveillance has grown exponentially.
Disturbingly to some, corporations may legally record video even in changing
rooms. The Talisman Centre in Calgary, Alberta a fitness centre has numerous video cameras in the
men's changing room that record men changing and showering.
The
first CCTV cameras used in public spaces were crude, conspicuous, low definition
black and white systems without the ability to zoom or pan. Modern CCTV cameras
use small high definition color cameras that can not only focus to resolve
minute detail, but by linking the control of the cameras to a computer, objects
can be tracked semi-automatically.
 For
example, they can track movement across a scene where there should be no movement,
or they can lock onto a single object in a busy environment and follow it.
Being computerized, this tracking process can also work between cameras.
The implementation of automatic number plate recognition produces
a potential source of information on the location of persons or groups. There
is no technological limitation preventing a network of such cameras from tracking
the movement of individuals. Reports have also been made of plate recognition
misreading numbers leading to the billing of the entirely wrong people.
CCTV critics see the most disturbing extension
to this technology as the recognition of faces from high-definition CCTV
images. This could determine a person’s identity without alerting him that
his identity is being checked and logged. The systems can check many thousands
of faces in a database in under a second.
The
combination of CCTV and facial recognition has been tried as a form of mass
surveillance, but has been ineffective because of the low discriminating power
of facial recognition technology and the very high number of false positives
generated. This type of system has been proposed to compare faces at airports
and seaports with those of suspected terrorists or other undesirable entrants.
Computerized monitoring of CCTV images is under development, so
that a human CCTV operator does not have to endlessly look at all the screens,
allowing an operator to observe many more CCTV cameras. These systems do not
observe people directly. Instead they track their behavior by looking for
particular types of movement, or particular types of clothing or baggage.
The theory behind this is that in public spaces people behave
in predictable ways. People who are not part of the 'crowd', for example car
thieves, do not behave in the same way. The computer can identify their movements,
and alert the operator that they are acting out of the ordinary. Recently
in the latter part of 2006, news reports on UK television brought to light new technology
developed which uses microphones in conjunction with CCTV.
If
a person is observed to be shouting in an aggressive manner (i.e., provoking
a fight), the camera can automatically zoom in and pinpoint the individual
and alert a camera operator. Of course, this then lead to the discussion that
the technology can also be used to eavesdrop and record private conversations
from a reasonable distance (e.g., 100m).
The same type of system can track an identified
individual as they move through the area covered by CCTV. This is being developed in the USA as part of the project co-funded by the US Defense
Advanced Research Projects Agency. With software tools, the system will be
able to develop three-dimensional models of an area and track/monitor the
movement of objects within it.
To
many, the development of CCTV in public areas, linked to computer databases
of people's pictures and identity, presents a serious breach of civil liberties.
Critics fear the possibility that one would not be able to
meet anonymously in a public place or drive and walk anonymously around a
city. Demonstrations or assemblies in public places could be affected, as
the state would be able to collate lists of those leading them, taking part,
or even just talking with protesters in the street.
 The long-term storage and archiving of CCTV recordings
is an issue of concern in the implementation of a CCTV system. Re-usable media
such as tape may be cycled through the recording process at regular intervals.
However, individual recordings may be retained for indefinite periods for
use in investigations or as evidence in legal proceedings.
Recordings
are kept for several purposes. Firstly, the primary purpose for which they
were created (e.g., to monitor a facility). Secondly, they need to be preserved
for a reasonable amount of time to recover any evidence of other important
activity they might document (e.g., a group of people passing a facility the
night a crime was committed).
Finally,
the recordings may be evaluated for historical, research or other long-term
information of value they may contain (e.g., samples kept to help understand
trends for a business or community).
Special uses
A very special use of CCTV is at Hessdalen AMS where by it is used for discovery of
unidentified flying objects.
In
the earlier days of television, some programs, and selected live sporting
events, were shown on closed-circuit television in theaters across the United States.
From
1965-1970, the Indianapolis 500 was shown live on closed-circuit television in
many movie theatres. The first few Wrestle Mania events were shown in such
a way as well.
Tactics
against CCTV cameras
Unless
physically protected, CCTV cameras have been found to be vulnerable against
a variety of tactics.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Some will deliberately destroy cameras,
[14] although this method would usually be considered illegal.
Simply
spraying certain substances over the lens will make the image too blurry to
be read.
Laser pointers will temporarily blind some cameras, [15] and higher-powered
lasers can damage them. However, since lasers are monochromatic, color filters
can reduce the effect of laser pointers.
For
wireless networks, broadcasting a signal at the same frequency of the CCTV
network is reported to be able to jam it.
The
Making of the Map
Over
the last five months, a small but dedicated group of New York Civil Liberties
Union (NYCLU) volunteers walked the streets of Manhattan in search of video surveillance cameras. This group
sought out every camera, public or private, which records people in public
space.
Mostly by foot, but occasionally by car, they covered every block
in the borough. From the records they made of all camera locations, the volunteers
produced a comprehensive map of surveillance cameras in Manhattan. The map includes cameras that are
readily visible from the city streets.
This
means that the cameras may be located in private or public spaces, but record action in the latter.
However, we cannot represent that all visible cameras are continuously functioning.
The
private cameras may be inside an alcove and pointed out, above a garage door
or affixed to the wall of a private building and pointed down a block. The
public cameras may be on traffic or streetlight poles or affixed to a public
building.
Cameras are labeled as either public or private based upon the
assumed ownership of the structure to which they are affixed. Although the
group saw 2,397 cameras in Manhattan, the map they created is far from
exhaustive.
As
slowly as they walked and as carefully as they looked, cameras have escaped
their search. A few because the volunteers were busily writing down the location
of a camera nearby, but many more because the cameras were hidden from sight.
Whether
tucked surreptitiously out of the line of vision or small enough to escape
detection, we believe many more cameras currently watch our city streets than
appear on the map. In addition, numerous others are continually being installed.
Creating a map of Manhattan is just the first stage of the project.
The NYCLU plans to expand the map to include all cameras that record public
spaces in all five boroughs. Then, the NYCLU will continually update the citywide
map to reflect what we predict to be a growing number of surveillance cameras
in the city.
The
Philosophy behind the Project
Video
surveillance cameras have arrived on the streets of New York City. However, it is up to us to decide if they are here
to stay, and if they are, then under what conditions. Commonplace outside
private companies, storefronts and apartment buildings, in parks and at intersections,
surveillance cameras have been passively accepted as necessary for our personal safety.
At
this stage in their proliferation, we need to take an active, not passive,
role in the decision-making process that allows for the installation of video
surveillance cameras. In certain situations, cameras do afford us an important
sense of safety: when they watch the entryway of our apartment buildings or
the loading dock of our businesses.
However, there is an equal, if not greater, number of situations
in which cameras become not protective, but invasive. Placed in changing rooms
and bathrooms, cameras record peoples most private moments on tape, tapes
on which footage of women undressing or using the bathroom is often reviewed
by men.
In
these examples, the deleterious nature of video surveillance is obvious. However,
in other situations, the invasive presence of a camera is not as blatant,
but it is equally as intrusive.
When cameras are mounted on street corners, the vast majority of
the time they monitor people engaged in innocent and lawful activities. However,
these innocent activities may be confidential and personally damaging if the
tapes fall into the wrong hands.
Public
spaces often serve as meeting ground for lawyers and clients, reporters and
sources and businesspeople and politicians who want to talk privately.
Cameras also capriciously watch off-guard moments:
a cigarette break or a kiss goodbye, which, at one point or another, not everyone
wanted to be captured in video. Even more critically, cameras prevent law-abiding
citizens who hold political or social views not accepted by the majority from
expressing themselves freely.
Michael
Rosano of the New York City Gay & Lesbian Anti-Violence Project feels
that the installation of cameras along places like the Greenwich Village piers,
a cruising strip for gay men will stop many same sex couples from even holding
hands for fear "that the tapes would get into the wrong hands."
Similarly, the threat of cameras targeting certain races of people
has been raised. Will African Americans be automatically considered suspicious
to the camera, or the person behind the lens? We must address these issues
and question the motives behind decisions like that which led to the New York
City Police Department’s reported taping of large segments of the Million
Youth March in Harlem on Labor Day Weekend, 1998.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
Video Surveillance cameras have arrived with effectively no organized
discussion or debate on their role in our city. Even less has been accomplished
in regards to developing and implementing uniform standards that should apply
to use of surveillance equipment. There are a slew of issues to be raised
and questions to be answered regarding the presence of cameras in public spaces.
Until these are addressed, we cannot expect that everyone who wants
to install a camera will carefully weigh the pros and cons of its installation,
the location s/he has chosen and the ultimate destination of the video footage.
Even
after video surveillance is raised as a topic of public debate, informal decisions
will be ineffectual without formal guidelines to regulate video surveillance
of public space.
With
the rapid advance of technology, the importance of these guidelines becomes
even greater. Each video camera
does not operate in isolation. Vast networks tie tens, even hundreds,
of cameras together, allowing footage from many sites to be compiled, watched
and stored at a central database.
In
the private sector, Citibank's video infrastructure sets a new standard in
networking. From a central hub in Midtown, workers monitor cameras located
at every branch in the city and its suburbs, cameras under which a quarter
of a million New Yorkers pass everyday.
Publicly,
the New York City Department of Transportation brags of its Vehicular Traffic
Control System. DOT employs 55 cameras to watch over Manhattan’s major arteries and one Advanced Traffic Management
to control all the cameras and traffic signals to avoid congestion in the
city.
After being trapped in Manhattan gridlock for an afternoon, one begins
to question the effectiveness of these methods for traffic control and starts
to wonder what other purpose these cameras may serve the government.
Since
the inception of vast databases of video footage, software companies
have been designing and marketing facial recognition software, a
biometrics technique through which a computer can identify people
on tape. [More info on safety: Underwriters Laboratories]
Visionics,
one of the leading companies in the market, boasts that its software, FaceIt,
can automatically locate faces in complex scenes, track and identify who they
are totally hands-off, continuously and in real-time.
Software
and Systems International touts it software, Mandrake, for its ability to identify faces taking into account
"head orientation, lighting conditions, skin color, spectacles, make-up
and earrings, facial expression, facial hair and aging." In addition,
each of these identification software can be used covertly, and legally, without
the consent of the individual being tracked.
The use of video surveillance equipment, the formation of networks
and the employment of facial recognition software heighten fear on our streets.
An innocent person walking in public has no control over his own actions:
who may record them and what the monitor may do with the tape. With the current
ubiquity of cameras, the actual end of individual tape becomes a moot point.
The fear of being watched has already been instituted.
The
city grid morphs into a modern panopticon, a circular prison conceived by
the 18th-century philosopher Jeremy Bentham. From his tower at the center
of the prison, the guard can always peer into every cell, although not simultaneously.
Because of his ability to do so, the threat of surveillance becomes
as great as the surveillance itself. Our modern panopticon is making prisoners
of us all, as we are constantly under the gaze of the camera.
Whether it is acting alone or as one in a vast network, we cannot
tell, we can only safely presume the latter. We can only presume that the
guard, whoever or wherever he may be, is watching us now.
The
Status on the Streets
Two
thousand three hundred and ninety seven cameras patrol the streets of Manhattan. On average, 200 cameras watch over every community
district in the borough. Approximately 2,000 of the cameras are stationary.
The
stationary cameras are usually either cylindrical or three-dimensional rectangular
devices about the length of one’s forearm. Although often made of an off-white
plastic, they can also be found in black.
The
stationary cameras can be found in doorways and alcoves, above garage doors
and affixed to the fronts or corners of buildings, usually between the first
and second stories.
They
can also be found on the rooftops of buildings, pointing down at the street,
or on free- standing poles. The other type of stationary camera that we saw
less often, either for its size or for the number that are employed is a 2"
cube, also made of off-white plastic.
The cube is predominantly used in doorways, looking
out into the street. The balance of the 2,397 is rotational and globe cameras. Rotational
cameras look very similar to the stationary cameras.
The
body of the camera is essentially the same, a three-dimensional rectangle,
but the bracket by which it is affixed to a building is distinct. The bracket
is larger, holds the camera farther away from the wall of the building and
rotates the entire device. In contrast, the globe camera resembles a streetlight.
The top half of the sphere is usually made of white plastic and
the bottom half, through which the camera sees, is a dark, but translucent,
plastic. Inside the sphere, a camera rotates and records out of sight of its
subjects.
The
globe camera is often found on light poles in the streets or in the parks.
The full sphere, and a smaller half-sphere version, is also found on corners
of buildings and outside of stores, apartment entrances and restaurants.
The cameras have also been categorized by private or public proprietorship.
Public cameras are those on federal, state or city buildings, on streetlights
or in parks. All other cameras are considered private.
Overwhelmingly, the cameras in Manhattan have been installed, and are staffed,
by private companies or individuals. Of the 2,397 cameras, approximately 2,100
are private and less than 300 are public. The situation is very different
than the one George Orwell predicted in Nineteen Eighty Four. Big Brother,
at this point, is doing about 11 perce nt of the watching.
It
is more likely that a private company, your employer, your landlord, your
coworker or just about anyone who wants to install a camera, is watching you.
This is especially true in Community Boards 1 and 6. In CB 1, the area of
Manhattan south of Canal Street and west of Pearl Street, 440 cameras patrol the streets.
In
CB 6, the area between 14th and 59th streets East of Lexington/Madison, 517
cameras watch us everyday. On the west side, over 70 cameras were reported
in a single three block area between West 32nd and West 35th Streets..
The
Recommendations
The
intent of our map, the website and this narrative is to raise awareness of
the prevalence of video surveillance cameras in New York City, explain the
threat they pose to our individual freedom, begin a long overdue, much needed
dialogue on the topic and recommend ways to curb cameras infringement on our right of anonymity and to move and
associate freely.
In
order to achieve these primary goals, we must invoke public dialogue outside
of the Civil Liberties Union. Media coverage of the map we have created and
the issues it raises will bring the topic to a wider audience.
We encourage those who see our map and read about the pros and
cons of surveillance cameras to bring the topic up at meetings of local civic,
religious and professional groups and/or community board meetings. We are
creating localized maps of the cameras in individual community boards in Manhattan that can start or supplement a discussion.
These maps are miniature versions of the Manhattan map and include the total number of
cameras, whether they are rotating or stationary, and whether they are public
or private. Maps are a wonderful tool for presenting statistical information,
but they are only part of the initiative. 
We
hope that each person who sees the map will think about it the next time s/he
leaves home and walks into the street, and will look around her/him at the
cameras s/he has walked unknowingly by every single day.
Moreover,
New Yorkers need to call or email the NYCLU and inform us where the cameras
are so that we can expand and update the maps. Only then will a community
discussion on surveillance cameras become a discussion of every individual’s
civil liberties.
We call upon our government officials to address the prevalence
of video surveillance cameras in public spaces. We encourage them to go to
their constituents, go to their local communities and call upon individuals
to find out how the people feel about the cameras.
Community
Board leaders, City Councilmen and State Legislators need to hold public hearings
to encourage people to speak openly about the surveillance cameras, and show
the people that they too believe in a country where we are free to criticize
a government for its actions.
Our government officials must then open the same
topic for discussion with their peers, for it is through the government that surveillance
has the potential to expand, and the ability to be curtailed. The NYCLU supports,
at a minimum, city and state legislation that would limit the use of video
surveillance cameras in public spaces. Clearly, the cameras are already here.
We cannot realistically hope to eliminate them altogether, nor
would we probably want to eradicate them from all public areas. However, we
do need to regulate them. Legislation should limit the number of hours recorded
material, which contains no criminal acts, is retained before the tape is
either recycled or erased.
It
should also limit the distribution of, and the access to, recorded material.
The legislation should require signage notifying anyone who may be recorded
on the videotape that they are under surveillance. Lastly, all video surveillance
cameras in public spaces should be registered with an appropriate governmental
agency, such as the Public Advocate's Office.
NOTE: SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS
COME WITH MANY NOMENCLATURES, SUCH AS DIGITAL VIDEO SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS, REMOTE SURVEILLANCE CAMERAS, AND WIRELESS SURVEILLANCE
CAMERAS. HIGH VALUE BARGAINS CAN BE FOUND ON THESE, AND MAY
BE TITLED AS INTERNET SURVELLANCE CAMERAS, SECURITY VIDEO
CAMERAS AND DOME VIDEO CAMERAS. IN MANY CASES, YOUR PURCHASE
OF A VIDEO SURVEILLANCE SECURITY CAMERA ON THE INTERNET WILL
RESULT IN GREATER SAVINGS. FULL PROFITABILITY WILL RISE WITH
THE PROPER EQUIPMENT! CAN BE SENT AT DISCOUNT PRICES. YOU
CAN BUY NOW OR RENT. EQUIPMENT IS ON SALE WITH A PRICE COST
OF LOW DOLLARS AND CENTS. REFUND IS OFTEN IN CASH IF NOT SATISFIED.
IF YOU DECIDE TO BUILD YOUR OWN (DIY) YOU CAN OFTEN UTILIZE
LEFTOVERS FROM FACTORY SECONDS, SURPLUS , DISCONTINUED MERCHANDISE,
GARAGE CLEAN OUTS, WAREHOUSE CLEANOUT, RETAIL CLOSEOUTS, ITEMS
FROM FACTORY REJECTS, OUT OF BUSINESS SALES & FACTORY
CLEAN OUTS. FINALLY, DON'T OVERLOOK CLOSEOUTS! WHEN BUYING
ONLINE, PAYPAL, MASTERCARD, DISCOVER, AMERICAN EXPRESS, AND
VISA ARE ALMOST ALWAYS ACCEPTED. RENTALS OF FIRST AND SECOND
QUALITY ARE POSSIBLE. SPECIAL PRICES ALWAYS APPEAR AT CLOSEOUT
AND DISTRESSED SALES. WE DO NOT BROKER OR BUY THESE ITEMS
FOR RESALE. ORDINARILY, THE SALE PRICE IS FINAL FOR USED EQUIPMENT,
REPOSSESSIONS, JUNK, INSURANCE SALVAGE OR FREIGHT SALVAGE.
DISTRESSED MERCHANDISE CAN BE A GOOD SOURCE OF GENERAL SUPPLY
FOR INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS. AGAIN, BUY NOW, BUY
NOW, BUY NOW. THE SALE PRICE MAY NEVER BE LOWER. SAVE $ $
$ $ $ $ $ $ $ $.
|
|
Bookmark
